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Biomedical subjects

C R Madeley

Publications and source records attributed to C R Madeley.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

"Cytomegalovirus disease" in renal allograft recipients: is human herpesvirus 7 a co-factor for disease progression?

Fifty-six renal allograft recipients were studied prospectively for 3 months or longer after transplant. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen peripheral blood leucocyte (PBL) specimens for CMV, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV7) DNA (DNAemia) in 67 healthy controls and in serial (fortnightly) PBL specimens from the 56 allograft recipients. None of the healthy controls had detectable CMV DNAemia, although HHV6 and HHV7 DNAemia was found in 7% and 9% of individuals respectively. In contrast, DNAemia due to CMV, HHV6 and HHV7 was found in 50%, 36% and 39% of patients respectively, at some time during the post-transplant period. Of the 28 patients who had CMV DNAemia, eight developed "CMV disease". The risk of progression to "CMV disease" was increased in patients with concurrent DNAemia to all three viruses (relative risk 3.7; 95% CI 1.3-10.5). The relative risk of "CMV disease" for patients with concurrent CMV and HHV7 was also increased (RR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.1-11.6), while the association between CMV and HHV6 was inconclusive (RR = v2.1; 95% CI = 0.7-6.6). The first 26 patients recruited to the study also had serial serum samples tested for antibody responses to the three viruses. "CMV disease" was associated with rising antibody titres to HHV7 (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.02), and weakly so with HHV6 (P = 0.07). It is concluded that in patients with CMV DNAemia, concurrent infection/reactivation HHV7 (and possibly HHV6) is associated with an increased risk of progression to "CMV disease".

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Viral infections in children's wards--how well do we manage them?

Children are frequently admitted to hospital wards with viral infections. Many are not life-threatening to the index case, but the spread to vulnerable patients who are already at higher risk should be avoided. To do so requires active awareness and availability of rapid diagnosis (i.e. the same day). Cohorting and handwashing have been found to be the best measures to prevent spread of respiratory syncytial virus (responsible for considerable morbidity every winter) in hospital wards.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in renal allograft recipients: the role of semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the renal allograft recipient. There is a need for rapid and sensitive techniques predictive of CMV disease to allow initiation of early antiviral therapy. METHODS: Seventy-seven renal allograft recipients were enrolled in a prospective study where CMV viruria (shell vial culture/DEAFF test), viraemia (shell vial culture), serology and detection of virus DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes by PCR (CMV DNAemia) were correlated with clinical evidence of CMV disease. RESULTS: Serology and shell vial culture had poor sensitivity for the early diagnosis of CMV disease. CMV DNAemia appeared to correlate with active virus replication. CMV DNAemia had a sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100% and a positive predictive value of 27% for CMV disease. Patients with symptomatic CMV disease were shown to have higher levels of CMV DNAemia than those with asymptomatic infection. CONCLUSIONS: A negative CMV DNAemia result excluded CMV disease with confidence, but a positive result (given the low positive predictive value) did not by itself provide a reliable guide for the initiation of pre-emptive antiviral therapy. However, the semiquantitative CMV DNAemia result taken together with the clinical findings provided useful information for patient management.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The complete sequence of a human astrovirus.

We have determined the complete genomic sequence of human astrovirus serotype 1 isolated in Newcastle upon Tyne. The genome is 6813 nucleotides long and contains three sequential open reading frames (ORFs). The two closest to the 5' end are linked by a ribosomal frameshifting motif and contain sequence motifs indicative of non-structural virus proteins: serine protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. A nuclear addressing sequence is also located here. The 3' ORF encodes the virion structural polypeptides as a polyprotein precursor. This genomic organization resembles that of the plant virus family Luteoviridae.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

A dot-blot hybridization procedure for the detection of astrovirus in stool samples.

We have developed a nucleic acid dot-blot hybridization test for the detection of astroviruses in stool samples. The test was not as sensitive as electron microscopy for the detection of low numbers of well preserved astrovirus particles, but was able to identify astroviruses in stools containing particles of indistinct morphology. In total, this procedure identified astroviruses in more samples than did electron microscopy, and the data indicate that the incidence of astroviruses may be substantially underestimated.

DNA Probes↗
PubMed1989

Is a persistent adenovirus infection involved in coeliac disease?

Recent evidence has implicated adenovirus 12 in the aetiology of coeliac disease so that persistent infection by this virus must be considered. We have undertaken a search for adenovirus DNA in duodenal biopsy samples from a total of 26 coeliac and non-coeliac patients. We could find no evidence of persistent virus DNA by Southern blot techniques even under conditions which approach a sensitivity of one copy of virus genome per cell, and use either adenovirus 12 or 41 DNA.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1988

Restriction enzyme analysis of faecal adenoviruses in Newcastle upon Tyne.

Adenovirus DNA was isolated directly from virus-containing stools and digested with restriction endonucleases. The resulting fragments were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and visualized by silver staining. This enabled us to assign most of the viruses detected to subgenus, serotype and, sometimes, unique strains. Although less sensitive than electron microscopy, the method allowed more information about the infecting virus to be obtained and no cultivation was necessary. Comparison with culture also allowed dual infections to be recognized. A 2-year survey of faecal adenoviruses in Newcastle upon Tyne showed that type 41 (strain 41a) was the predominant type and strain 41p was not recorded. Heterogeneity in strain 41a was also noted as found elsewhere. Adenovirus type 40 was common prior to 1985 but was absent during the last 2 years.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1985

Monoclonal antibodies for the rapid diagnosis of influenza A and B virus infections by immunofluorescence.

Mouse monoclonal antibodies, directed against antigenic sites on influenza A and B viruses and found to be type-specific in an immunoassay, were assessed for use as diagnostic reagents in an indirect immunofluorescence assay on nasopharyngeal secretions. The influenza A antibodies were directed against nucleoprotein or matrix protein antigens and the influenza B antibodies against nucleoprotein and haemagglutinin antigens. The influenza A anti-matrix monoclonal antibody was found to give a strong intranuclear particulate fluorescence in normal baboon kidney cells and cells from nasopharyngeal secretions negative for influenza A virus, including those from a patient infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Pools of the remaining monoclonal antibodies gave satisfactory results on 25 specimens from patients with influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes and 12 from patients with influenza B.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Intestinal permeability changes and excretion of micro-organisms in stools of infants with diarrhoea and vomiting.

The relation between diarrhoea and vomiting, the excretion of stool micro-organisms, and the passive intestinal permeability in 20 infants living in a deprived urban area was studied prospectively from birth to age 6 months. Intestinal permeability was measured from the ratio of lactulose to mannitol recovered in the urine of infants receiving feeds containing both markers. Micro-organism excretion was found to occur in both the presence and absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, but a significantly higher mean intestinal permeability was recorded in those infants with symptoms and organisms in the stool than in those with neither. An increased intestinal permeability may be a sign of mucosal damage by intestinal micro-organisms.

Diarrhea, Infantile↗
PubMed1985

Detection of rotavirus by a latex agglutination test, Rotalex: comparison with electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.

A commercially available latex agglutination test, Rotalex (Orion Diagnostics, Finland), for detecting rotaviruses was evaluated in comparison with four other tests (electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) routinely used in our laboratories. Although Rotalex was the least complex method, it showed lack of specificity and sensitivity when carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions. Four basic modifications of Rotalex are described. These include the use of Hank's balanced salt solution, increasing the incubation time to 20 min, reading the agglutination result by an experienced observer, and the use of 50 mm square glass plates. The modified procedure gave results which were comparable with those obtained by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The latter techniques, when used to detect rotavirus, all gave similar results.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗