As part of our studies directed at new treatments for cyanide poisoning we examined the effect of temperature on both the non-catalyzed and the albumin-catalyzed reactions of cyanide with a colloidal suspension of elemental sulfur (CSES). Using saturated sulfur solutions prepared in two solvents, pyridine (PY) and methyl cellosolve (MC), the reactions were studied at 15.0, 25.0, 30.0 and 37.5 degrees C. For all the cyanolysis reactions (non-catalyzed and albumin-catalyzed) there is an enhancement of reaction rate when the organic solvent for the sulfur is MC. Irrespective of the solvent for the CSES, the non-catalyzed reactions gave linear Arrhenius plots (PY, correlation coefficient = 0.998; MC, correlation coefficient = 0.997). In each case the entropy of activation was positive (14.1 cal K-1 mol-1 for PY and 56.4 cal K-1 mol-1 for MC). In contrast with these results the albumin-catalyzed reactions generated non-linear Arrhenius plots and negative entropies of activation. Non-linear plots were observed with the three albumins studied: human serum albumin, heat-shock bovine serum albumin and fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin. The non-linear plots are the result of a more complex reaction sequence than a simple cyanolysis reaction.

Colloids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Stimulus properties of some analogues of 4-methylaminorex.

The stimulus properties of aminorex and analogues of 4-methylaminorex, namely (4S,5S)-4-methylaminorex, N-methyl-(4S,5S)-4-methylaminorex, and the regioisomeric (R)- and (S)-2-amino-4-phenyl-2-oxazoline (rexamino) were compared in rats trained to distinguish (S)-amphetamine (1 mg/kg) from saline. The first three compounds, aminorex, (4S,5S)-4-methylaminorex, and N-methyl-(4S,5S)-4-methylaminorex shared discriminative stimulus effects with amphetamine, although the stimulus properties for racemic aminorex were less than those of the other two compounds. The two regioisomers, (R)- and (S)-rexamino, produced only partial generalisation to the amphetamine.

Amphetamine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Structure-activity relationships of BDB and its monomethyl and dimethyl derivatives.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the behavioral effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-butanamine (BDB), N-methyl BDB (MBDB), and N,N-dimethyl BDB (MMBDB) in the newly hatched chicken. The primary amine, BDB, produced effects that are commonly seen in the chicken after administration of both hallucinogens and psychomotor stimulants (i.e., distress vocalization, tremor, and wing extension). It also produced abnormal body posture and bursting forward locomotion, effects elicited only by hallucinogens. Loss of righting reflex also occurred at the highest (16 mg/kg) dose of BDB, and this effect is typical of d-amphetamine but has not been reported for hallucinogens. The monomethylated derivative of BDB, MBDB, was less potent than BDB, and the N,N-dimethyl analogue of BDB, MMBDB, had no effect on behavior at the doses tested.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A behavioral comparison of Nexus, cathinone, BDB, and MDA.

The effects of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (Nexus), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-butanamine (BDB), and cathinone were studied in the newly hatched chicken and compared to the effects of d-amphetamine and three hallucinogens in the same species. Cathinone, a psychomotor stimulant in man (6), produced effects that were qualitatively similar to effects seen after administration of d-amphetamine (i.e., distress vocalization, wing extension, inability to stand, and loss of righting reflex). BDB, a compound with unknown activity in man, and two known hallucinogens, Nexus (5) and MDA (1), produced effects in the chicken that are common to both stimulants and hallucinogens in this species. For example, both MDA and BDB produced abnormal body posture that was identical to that reported after administration of hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and harmine (11). Nexus, on the other hand, produced rigid penguin-like posture, an effect seen in the chicken after administration of another hallucinogen, mescaline (12). BDB also produced bursting forward movements, an effect commonly observed after LSD and harmine. Our findings suggest that the young chicken can be used as an alternative, nonmammalian, model for predicting classification of new compounds.

DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Angiotensin II stimulates inositol phosphate formation in rat anterior pituitary glands.

The effect of angiotensin II (AII) on polyphosphoinositide (PPI) turnover at the pituitary was studied. When [3H]inositol-prelabelled rat anterior hemipituitaries were incubated with AII (10 microM) for 30 min in the presence of Li+ (10 mM), the production of IP, IP2 and IP3 were increased to 182, 199 and 158% of paired control values. Time course studies showed that the stimulation of IP3 formation by AII was significant after 2 min incubation and preceded the accumulation of the other inositol phosphates. The specificity of the AII effect was confirmed by inhibition with the specific AII antagonist, saralasin. These findings suggest that AII action at the anterior pituitary can be mediated via the early hydrolysis of PPI.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Striatal lesions and transplants demonstrate that cholecystokinin receptors are localized on intrinsic striatal neurones: a quantitative autoradiographic study.

Considerable evidence supports the existence of modulatory interactions between cholecystokinin and dopamine in the striatum. In order to explore further the nature of such interactions, the anatomical localization of CCK receptors in rat striatum was investigated autoradiographically following selective lesions. Infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle had no effect on striatal CCK receptor content. In contrast, destruction of striatal cell bodies with ibotenic acid or quinolinic acid markedly reduced the number of striatal [125I]CCK-8 binding sites. CCK receptor levels were restored to normal following transplantation of neonatal striatal tissue into rats previously treated with ibotenic acid. These results suggest that CCK receptors are located primarily on intrinsic striatal neurones and not on nigrostriatal afferent fibres.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Forensic treatment in the United States: a survey of selected forensic hospitals. Treatment at Michigan's Forensic Center.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Observations on the ontogeny of the feeding response to adrenergic agonists and antagonists.

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Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particle extracts: influence of car type.

Mutagenicity of extracts of particles collected from the exhaust of six different European and American diesel cars was evaluated in Salmonella strains TA 1535, TA 100, TA 1537, TA 1538 and TA 98. The extracts demonstrated direct, dose-related mutagenicity in all strains except TA 1535, with the potencies varying from 6-17 revertants/micrograms in TA 100, the most sensitive strain. Addition of Aroclor 1254 induced rat liver homogenate fractions decreased the direct response in TA 100 and increased the response in four of the six extracts in TA 98. Differences in the extractable organic fraction of the particles and the particulate emission rates for the six cars had a greater influence on the amount of mutagenicity emitted (revertants per mile) than the actual mutagenic potency of the organics. The ranking of the cars by revertants/mile was different than ranking by revertants/micrograms extractable organics. The response of two of the six extracts in a nitroreductase deficient strain of Salmonella (TA 100 FR1) were significantly lower than the response in TA 100, suggesting that reduction of nitroaromatics by bacterial enzymes may be influential in the direct response. Results of testing triplicate samples collected in three different cars demonstrated good repeatability in sampling and bioassay procedures.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particle extracts: influence of driving cycle and environmental temperature.

General Motors and Volkswagen diesel passenger cars (1980 and 1981 model year) were operated on a climate controlled chassis dynomometer and the particulate portion of the exhaust was collected on high volume filters. Dichloromethane extracts of the exhaust particles (soot) collected while the cars were operated under simulated highway, urban and congested urban driving cycles were assayed for mutagenicity in Salmonella strains TA-98 and TA-100. Driving pattern did not significantly influence the mutagenic potency of the exhaust particle extracts or estimates of the amount of mutagenicity emitted from the exhaust despite large differences in particle emission rates and extractable fraction of the particles. Mutagenicity of extracts of exhaust particles collected while the vehicles were operated at test chamber temperatures of 25, 50, 75 and 100 degrees F were also very similar. The results suggest that driving pattern and environmental temperature do not significantly alter the emission of genotoxic combustion products from the exhaust.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particle extracts: influence of fuel composition in two diesel engines.

The influence of diesel fuel composition on mutagenicity of exhaust particle associated organic compounds has been investigated using nine fuels varying in aromatic content and distillation properties. The tests were conducted with Oldsmobile Delta-88 and Peugot 504 diesel cars operated according to the EPA Federal Test Procedure. The particulate exhaust from each test was collected on a filter, extracted in dichloromethane and the resulting extract evaluated for mutagenicity in Salmonella strain TA-100. Mutagenicity of extracts of particles collected from the Oldsmobile were highest in the higher aromatic content fuels (greater than 30%) but similar for intermediate (20%) and low (13%) aromatic content fuels. No influence of aromaticity on mutagenicity was observed in samples collected from the Peugeot under the same conditions. Thus, fuel aromatic content may enhance the production of mutagenic combustion products at higher concentrations, but may be dependent upon engine type. A good correlation was observed between mutagenicity of the particle extracts and the initial boiling point of the fuel (r = 0.89). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of the aromatic fraction of the fuels showed that the fuel producing the most mutagenic combustion products was highest in phenanthrene type compounds.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of nitroaromatic compounds on coal combustion particles.

Mutagenic and nonmutagenic extracts of fly ash from fluidized bed combustion were analyzed to determine the compounds responsible for the direct mutagenic activity (mutagenic activity that does not require added metabolic enzymes in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay). Some nitro derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are direct acting mutagens were detected by tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Treatment of a mutagenic and a nonmutagenic extract with excess N2O4 resulted in 28- and 3200-fold increases, respectively, in direct mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 and an increase in the relative abundance of nitroaromatic compounds. Polycyclic aromatic compounds were also detected and tentatively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Since, previous studies have shown that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may react with NO2 to form direct-acting mutagens, it appears that the direct-acting mutagens in these fly ash extracts may be products of reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with NOX in the combustion gases.

Coal↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for HI-6 oxime in plasma.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed to determine HI-6 (1-(2-hydroxyiminomethyl-1-pyridinio-3-(4-carbamoyl-1-py ridiniol-2-oxapropane dichloride)) concentrations in small volumes of plasma. A 100-microL plasma sample added to 900 microL of distilled water was microfiltered. Filtrate (200 microL) was injected onto an HPLC instrument containing a 100-microL sample loop, a C18 column, and an ultraviolet (UV) wavelength detector. Limit of sensitivity for HI-6 was 2.5 micrograms/mL. Extraction of efficiency (n = 12) at 10 and 100 micrograms HI-6/mL plasma was 69.4 +/- 6.6% (SD) and 81.5 +/- 2.0% (SD), respectively. Protein-plasma binding of HI-6 did not occur. HI-6 was stable when frozen at -20 degrees C for up to 10 days (0.025 less than p less than 0.05). Correlation coefficients representing standard curve linearity ranged from 0.9986 to 0.9999 (n = 6). Within-day and between-day coefficients of variation (n = 6) for unknown samples ranged from 4.4 to 8.3% and 5.8 to 17.1%, respectively. Bias of unknown samples ranged from -10.5 to 5.7%. The method's sensitivity, accuracy, and precision indicate that it can be used to accurately measure HI-6 concentrations in 100 microL of plasma.

Animals↗