Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis: increased prevalence due to cocaine abuse.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
C P Davis
Publications and source records attributed to C P Davis.
Effects of microamperage, medium, and bacterial concentration on iontophoretic killing of bacteria in fluid.
Prevention of nosocomial urinary tract infections by iontophoresis is addressed. An iontophoretic generator was used to provide microamperage (10 to 400 microA) to vials containing either synthetic urine or supplemented synthetic urine. Bacteria were added to vials, and parameters of growth, bacterial killing, and multiple electrode materials were examined. Escherichia coli and Proteus species were both inhibited and killed at various microamperages and with several electrode types, the most efficient being gold-gold as the anode-cathode combination. Klebsiella pneumoniae in supplemented synthetic urine was least inhibited in growth, and higher microamperage (200 to 400 microA) was most effective in killing the bacteria. Bacterial growth reduction and killing were directly related to increasing microamperage and were inversely related to bacterial concentration.
Bacteria↗
Liver transplant recipients--self-report of symptom frequency, symptom distress, quality of life.
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Adult↗
Acute and chronic bacterial infection in the rat urinary tract: immunofluorescent localization of immunoglobulins.
To study the relative concentrations and appearance of immunoglobulin in the bladder and kidneys of rats with acute and chronic urinary tract infections, three groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Group I underwent weekly intraurethral inoculation with Escherichia coli 07. Group II received inoculation of 0.2 ml of PBS alone. Group III were unmanipulated controls. Bladder and kidney washings were obtained for bacterial colony counts and organism identification. Bladder and kidney tissue was prepared for immunofluorescent examination using goat or rabbit antirat IgA, IgM, or IgG layered with fluorescent-labeled rabbit antigoat or goat antirabbit serum. Negative immunofluorescent controls substituted PBS for antirat serum. No significant difference was noted between bladder and kidney cultures in groups I and II. Comparison of immunofluorescent intensity between groups I and III demonstrated that IgM intensity was greatest between weeks one and three in bladders and kidneys, then decreased to non-significant levels. Bladder IgG intensity peaked at week four and remained elevated throughout the remainder of the study while renal IgG intensity was significant throughout the study period. Renal and bladder IgA was noted only sporadically. Comparison of culture positive animals to culture negative animals (groups II and III) demonstrated a lower immunofluorescent intensity score for culture negative animals. Discrete cellular immunofluorescence was evident in 19.1% of bladders and compared to 0.6% of kidneys. This study suggests that the immunologic response in the rat to intraurethral inoculation and infection is biphasic (IgM followed by IgG) and that a local cellular immunologic response may exist in the bladder.
Acute Disease↗
Isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from synovial fluid samples in a patient with pneumonia and polyarthritis.
A patient with a long history of arthritis developed pneumonia. Two weeks into her hospital course, the patient developed effusions in her knee and wrist that yielded cultures positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. To our knowledge, this is the third reported case of M pneumoniae isolation from a joint and the first report of isolation of M pneumoniae from two joints in a patient without hypogammaglobulinemia. The evidence suggests that in individuals with atypical pneumonia and joint effusions, M pneumoniae should be considered as a source of infection.
Arthritis↗
Urinary carcinogen [nitrosamine] production in a rat animal model for ureterosigmoidostomy.
Tumor development at the site of ureterointestinal anastomosis is a recognized complication in patients undergoing ureterosigmoidostomy. In order to explore the hypothesis that carcinogens (nitrosamines) may be a factor in ureterosigmoidostomy, female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 125) underwent urethral ligation, bladder dome resection and anastomosis of the bladder trigone to an opening in the anterior rectosigmoid wall. Biweekly nitrosamine determinations were performed on the resultant urine-feces slurry by gas chromatography up to thirty-two weeks post surgery. Nitrosamine (N,N-dimethylnitrosamine) was noted as early as two weeks after surgery in 39% (11/28) of rats. One hundred percent of animals consistently demonstrated nitrosamine by week 14 (32 rats). Nitrosamine levels increased throughout the study with a peak level after thirty-two weeks of 0.275 micrograms./ml. Only a portion (n = 40) of the total animal population was deemed suitable for pathologic examination secondary to animal demise and autolysis at autopsy related to infection and obstruction. In these animals, no adenocarcinoma was found although hyperplastic changes and metaplastic changes were demonstrable at nine days and eight weeks respectively. In one animal a grade I transitional cell papilloma was identified after eight weeks. Control animals demonstrated no nitrosamine production. In vitro combinations of rat urine and feces yielded nitrosamine after six weeks. The absence of adenocarcinoma tumor development is believed indirectly related to animal demise in that not enough time had elapsed to allow significant tumor development. This study lends support to the concept that nitrosamines may play a role in the development of hyperplasia, dysplasia and eventual neoplasia in ureterosigmoidostomy.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Total and specific immunoglobulin response to acute and chronic urinary tract infections in a rat model.
Total and specific levels of immunoglobulins IgG, A and M were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a rat model of urinary tract infections (cystitis) during the early and late phases of infection. The early response was characterized by rapid rise in IgM in serum and urine. This response decreased rapidly and was undetectable in urine after eight weeks. Correlation between total serum and urine levels of IgM was not found although a chronological relationship was observed. Total and specific serum and urine IgA responses were erratic. Concentrations of IgA were low and this antibody class was undetectable in urine until the infection had been established for six weeks. In contrast, total serum and urine IgG increased in concentration at five days post infection and reached total maximum by weeks four to eight, then declined, but remained detectable over 24 weeks. Specific IgG titers remained elevated in serum but declined in urine between four and 10 weeks. A correlation between total serum and total urine IgG was found. Also, bacteria generated a concomitant nonspecific response, a part of which was detected against a common antigen expressed on E. coli J5 strain that cross-reacts with a number of gram negative genera. The results show that IgM chronologically is the first antibody to appear in increased amounts in the serum and urine, followed by IgG. The data also suggests a relationship exists between total serum IgG and total urine IgG which may affect the host's ability to eliminate urinary infection.
Animals↗
Combined effects of hyperbaric oxygen and antifungal agents on the growth of Candida albicans.
The effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and antifungal agents on Candida albicans were studied. Growth curves at O2 tensions of 160 mm Hg, 900 mm Hg, and 1800 mm Hg for prolonged exposures showed no effect of pressure alone. There was a significant dose response to increasing O2 tension; growth inhibition occurred at 900 mm Hg O2 and killing at 1800 mm Hg O2. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum cidal concentrations (MCC) at 160 and 900 mm Hg O2 were done using amphotericin B, nystatin, clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole and 5-fluorocytosine. MIC and MCC's were done with amphotericin B at 90-min exposures to 1800 mm Hg O2. There was no enhancement of MIC or MCC at 900 mm Hg O2. However, ketoconazole was ineffective at killing at 900 mm Hg O2 indicating a protective effect of HBO with this drug. Oxygen tensions of 1800 mm Hg for 90 min in the presence of amphotericin B showed an enhancement of both MIC and MCC. Closer quantitation of this effect upon the in vitro growth and survival of the organism showed an additive but not synergistic effect.
Amphotericin B↗
The diabetic transplant patient: nursing considerations.
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Diabetic Nephropathies↗
The effect of unilateral testicular torsion on the contralateral testicle in prepubertal Chinese hamsters.
Recent studies of experimental testicular torsion in rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs have demonstrated conflicting evidence regarding contralateral testicular damage. Those studies in which cellular damage has been found are postulated to result from an immunological mechanism whereby the blood-testis barrier is disrupted with subsequent autoantibody formation. In this study, the histologic and immunologic effects of testicular torsion on the contralateral testicle were investigated in prepubertal Chinese hamsters. Four study groups were established; (1) Left orchiectomy only, (2) sham surgery (scrotal incision), (3) 720 degrees left testicular torsion with left orchiectomy 24 hours later, (4) 720 degrees torsion of left testicle with detorsion after 24 hours. The initial procedure was performed at 1 month of age with subsequent biopsies of the contralateral testicle at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months after the initial procedure. Testicular tissue was examined for immunofluorescent activity using fluorescent labeled goat anti-hamster IgG. Positive controls were established by rabbit immunization (rabbit anti-hamster immunoglobulin) which was subsequently combined with fluorescent labeled goat antirabbit IgG. There was no appreciable difference in immunologic activity between control and experimental animals. Representative sections were examined histologically and no tubular damage was demonstrated and active spermatogenesis was noted at 6 months in all groups. We believe that our results support the premise that testicular torsion in the prepubertal period has no effect on the contralateral testicle.
Age Factors↗
Urothelial hyperplasia and neoplasia. II. Detection of nitrosamines and interferon in chronic urinary tract infections in rats.
In rats with chronic urinary tract infections, urine and blood were examined for two classes of compounds (nitrosamines and interferon) which may lead to the development of urothelial hyperplasia and neoplasia. In vitro, Escherichia coli, a Proteus species or a mixture of both were able to induce high levels of interferon which theoretically could reduce the host's cellular immune surveillance. These high levels were not detected in vivo in either short-term (5 hr. to 2 wk.) or long-term (2 wk. to 24 wk.) infected rats. In contrast, N, N dimethylnitrosamine was detected in the majority (greater than or equal to 50 per cent) of long term infected rats after 12 wk. although individual rats showed detectable levels as early as 2 wk. post infection. Sterile human or rat urine supported bacterial growth and subsequent production of N, N dimethylnitrosamine, but only after 16 wk. of subculturing in vitro. Gas chromatography was able to detect small amounts of nitrosamines extracted from urine. The mass spectrometer yielded quantitatively and qualitatively better detection. With long term infections, the appearance of a potential carcinogen, N, N dimethylnitrosamine, occurs in vivo and in vitro and correlates with previous findings that describe the development of hyperplastic and early neoplastic changes in the rat urothelium.
Animals↗
A simple microcentrifugation tube for electron microscopy.
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Colostrum↗
Urothelial hyperplasia and neoplasia: a response to chronic urinary tract infections in rats.
The rat was used as an animal model to examine the effect of foreign bodies and long term infection (24 weeks) on bladder epithelium. Stainless steel wire implants and multiple injections of Escherichia coli were compared to control rat bladders by gross observation, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Hyperplastic alterations, (papilloma, von Brunn's nests), dysplasia (squamous metaplasia, microvilli) and early lesions consistent with neoplasia occurred in rats with bladder implants and multiple bacterial injections but not in controls. Epithelial changes were not associated with sterile bladder implants. Bladder papillomata could be observed as early as 2 weeks in rats having both an implant and an infection, but the majority of hyperplastic and early neoplastic-like changes occurred after 6 weeks. Long-term infections, both with and without a bladder implant, can lead to lesions consistent with neoplasia in bladder epithelium.
Animals↗
Secretion of immunoglobulin A by human milk leukocytes initiated by surface membrane stimuli.
Some of the requirements for release of immunoglobulin A (IgA) from human milk leukocytes during phagocytosis were investigated. The role of particle adherence in IgA release was studied by using an in vitro model of frustrated phagocytosis in which human milk leukocytes were incubated with latex particles too large to ingest. Release of IgA was significantly increased from control values within 30 min in these leukocytes. A similar increment in IgA release also occurred when human milk leukocytes were incubated with other surface membrane stimuli, e.g., NFMP and phorbol. No increase in IgA release was found, however, in cells incubated with zymosan-activated serum. In addition, the release of IgA was blocked by inhibitors of actin filaments (cytochalasin B) and microtubules (colchicine). Thus, IgA is released from human milk leukocytes by secretory mechanisms that are initiated by certain membrane stimuli, some of which are shared by peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes. Because human milk leukocytes appear to be refractory to C5a or other activated complement components and are blocked by cytochalasin B, it appears that these unusual cells may be uniquely adapted to play a role in the immunologic protection of the neonate.
Adolescent↗
Modulation of Candida albicans attachment to human epithelial cells by bacteria and carbohydrates.
The effects of carbohydrates (mannose and dextrose). Escherichia coli 07KL. and Klebsiella pneumoniae on Candida albicans attachment to epithelial cells was studied. Dextrose had no effect on yeast attachment to epithelial cells. Conversely, mannose significantly decreased both yeast and piliated bacterial attachment (E. coli 07KL, heavily piliated K. pneumoniae) whereas having no effect on nonpiliated K. pneumoniae attachment to epithelial cells. The number of yeasts attaching to epithelial cells was enhanced by preincubation of epithelial cells with piliated strains of bacteria, whereas preincubation with nonpiliated strains of bacteria had no effect on yeast attachment. Scanning electron microscopy showed that piliated bacteria and yeasts were juxtaposed on the epithelial cell surface. These data suggest that certain piliated strains of bacteria can enhance C. albicans attachment to epithelial cells and that type 1 pili of bacteria can be a factor in the enhanced attachment of C. albicans to epithelial cells.
Adhesiveness↗
Electron microscopy of the coccoid form of Campylobacter jejuni.
Confluent cultures of Campylobacter jejuni incubated for 24 and 48 h each were examined by electron microscopy. Although the 24-h-old cells exhibited typical curved morphology, the 48-h-old cells showed rounded morphology with a loss of cell integrity. This appeared to be an autolytic process that occurred very rapidly after the culture became mature. These results confirm previous evidence that the coccoid form of this organism is a degenerate state.
Campylobacter fetus↗
Purification and chemical characterization of type 1 pili isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Type 1 pili were purified from a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated from a human urinary tract infection. The pili were removed from the bacteria by mechanical shearing, precipitated out of solution by ammonium sulfate, solubilized in a deoxycholate-containing buffer, and finally purified by gel filtration. Chemical characterization of the isolated pili revealed a single protein subunit (pilin) which had a Mr = 21,500. Amino acid compositional analysis revealed a high content of residues that contribute significantly to secondary structure. Automated sequence analysis of the NH2-terminal region revealed a striking homology (79% identity) with type 1 pili of Escherichia coli. In contrast, NH2-terminal sequence comparison of K. pneumoniae pilin with other previously reported bacterial pilins showed no significant homology. No immunological cross-reactivity was detectable between E. coli and K. pneumoniae pili when tested by Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion or by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The results of this study, when compared to other studies of bacterial pili, indicate that type 1 pili from members of the Enterobacteriaceae share morphological similarities and that their monomeric subunits are chemically similar. In addition, these results give strong evidence that the type 1 pilins of the enteric bacteria represent a separate class of homologous pilins.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Specific red cell adherence test applied to tumors of ureter and renal pelvis.
The specific red cell adherence (SRCA) test used previously as a prognostic indicator of bladder tumors was used in a retrospective review of 14 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis. SRCA-positive individuals appear to have better survival and progress less frequently to metastatic disease. Of five patients with positive reactions, none had distant metastases. Conversely, in SRCA-negative individuals metastatic disease developed more frequently (4 of 9). The SRCA test can be as useful a test of the prognosis of ureteral and renal pelvis tumors as it is of urinary bladder tumors.
Adult↗