Guidelines for cardiac sonographer education: report of the American Society of Echocardiography Sonographer Education and Training Committee.
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Allied Health Personnel↗
Biomedical subjects
C Otto
Publications and source records attributed to C Otto.
Molecular and phenotypic mapping of genes controlling seed coat pattern and color in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) exhibits a wide variety of seed coat patterns and colors. From a historical perspective, extensive genetic analyses have identified specific genes that control seed coat pattern (T, Z, L, J, Bip, and Ana) and color (P, C, R, J, D, G, B, V, and Rk). Many of these genes exhibit epistatic interactions with other genes, interactions that define the many seed coat patterns and colors observed within the species. To better understand these complex interactions, we began a molecular marker discovery program that previously identified random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to many of these genes. We report here the discovery of RAPD markers linked to three additional genes-C, G, and V. These markers, and five RAPD markers we previously discovered linked to other seed coat pattern and color genes, were converted into easily scorable sequence tagged site (STS) markers. We next placed these markers onto a common molecular map shared by the Phaseolus research community and demonstrated a generally wide distribution of the genes throughout the common bean genome. A few previously unrecognized linkages were discovered. The probable existence of multiple genes controlling growth habit in common bean is discussed. Our approach demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of marker discovery in one population followed by accurate mapping of that marker onto a core, community-wide map.
Chromosome Mapping↗
Progress in experimental intestinal transplantation in small animal models.
The unique immune response after small bowel transplantation (SBT) has been the subject of extensive research using small animal models in rats and mice. These animals are inexpensive, for most societies ethically acceptable and the existence of inbred strains allows for reproducibility and defined immunobiological conditions. The basic immunological reactions, such as graft-versus-host-reactions (GVHR), host-versus-graft-reactions (HVGR), a combination of both reactions, chronic rejection and tolerance have been described. Almost all immunosuppressive agents of proven or potential clinical relevance have been tested for their efficacy in small bowel transplantation. All techniques which are applied to intestinal transplantation in humans including multiorgan transplantation, can also be performed in rats. Intestinal transplantation in mice is methodically restricted to heterotopic transplantation. The mouse however, offers several advantages compared to the rat model. A large number of congenic and knockout strains is available as well as many analytical tools. In the future, intriguing new insights into the unique immunological mechanisms of allograft rejection will be discovered using murine models.
Animals↗
[Water exchange in human crystalline lens studied by combined dispersion confocal microspectroscopy].
We have employed the technique of the confocal Raman microspectroscopy to monitor water exchange in human eye lens in vitro. Heavy water (D2O) was used as a marker of the exchange. Raman spectra in the high frequency range (2200-3500 cm-1) were successively recorded at several locations inside the lens in order to register dynamics of the replacement of H2O by D2O. The intensities of the Raman peaks at 2450 cm-1 (OD stretch) and 3390 cm-1 (OH stretch) were used as indicators of H2O/D2O exchange, whereas the Raman peak at 2935 cm-1 (CH stretch of protein) served as an internal standard. The ratios of the Raman intensities I2450/I2935 and I3390/I2935 determined the relative concentrations of D2O and H2O, respectively. For the quantitative description of the exchange, we proposed a diffusion model assuming a constant diffusion coefficient over the volume of the lens. We report the results of experiments performed on four fresh and one fixed lenses. The diffusion coefficient of D2O in the human eye lens was estimated using the least-squares fit of the experimental data.
Deuterium Oxide↗