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Biomedical subjects

C N Williams

Publications and source records attributed to C N Williams.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1972

Cholestyramine and medium-chain triglyceride in prolonged management of patients subjected to ileal resection or bypass.

The pathophysiology of cholerrheic enteropathy is described and a series of patients reviewed. Of 11 patients with chronic disabling diarrhea and steatorrhea after ileal resection or bypass, two had recurrent ileitis, three had lactose intolerance and six of those operated on five years or more previously had vitamin B(12) deficiency. Cholestyramine was given alone or with medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) or Portagen (MCT and lactose). The maximal response occurred when cholestyramine was given with Portagen - significantly reduced stool frequency and weight in all patients and stool fat in five. Restudy of five patients four to 11 months later showed the same pattern of response: cholestyramine with 70% MCT abolished symptoms in four patients (ileectomy) and 100% MCT alone greatly improved the condition of the fifth (extensive small bowel resection).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1971

Steatorrhea in patients with liver disease.

Intestinal function was studied in 26 patients with seven types of acute and chronic liver disease, documented by liver biopsy. Steatorrhea, defined by a stool fat higher than 6 g. per day, was present in 18 of 23 consecutive patients studied, an incidence of 78.3%. Two patients with infectious hepatitis associated with steatorrhea studied previously were added and the 20 cases were analyzed. The malabsorption found was confined to fat and fat-soluble vitamins; stool excretion varied from 6.1 to 22 g. per day in the seven groups studied. No histological abnormality was seen on jejunal biopsy, serum vitamin B(12), D-xylose and Schilling tests were normal, and no radiological findings associated with malabsorption were detected in the small bowel. It is concluded that steatorrhea is a common finding in a wide variety of acute and chronic liver diseases and cannot be attributed to a primary defect of the small bowel.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Depression of peripheral blood monocyte aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in patients with liver disease: possible involvement of macrophage factors.

Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was detectable in cultured macrophage monolayers of peripheral blood monocyte origin. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from patients with biopsy-confirmed liver disease and healthy volunteers. Macrophage monolayers were prepared and incubated at 37 degrees C. After 24 hr, the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and cellular protein concentration were assayed on cell homogenates. The monocyte aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in cultured macrophages from normal volunteers was 1.23 +/- 0.16 (n = 19). The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in macrophage cultures from patients with biopsy-confirmed liver disease was 0.48 +/- 0.05 (n = 20). This represents a significant (61%) decrease in monocyte aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase compared to controls. The 20 patients have established cirrhosis or early stage liver disease. The established cirrhosis group includes alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency-associated cirrhosis; primary biliary cirrhosis; alcoholic (Laennec's) cirrhosis; cryptogenic cirrhosis, and hemochromatosis. Early stage liver disease is attributed to methotrexate (Stage III), early stage primary biliary cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Our results indicate that the depression in monocyte aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity is greater in patients with established cirrhosis than early stage liver disease. Our results further suggest that cultured monocytes from patients with liver disease spontaneously release soluble factors into the culture medium. Incubation of this medium, containing macrophage factors, with isolated hepatocytes significantly depress hepatocyte aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity compared to medium obtained from cultures of monocytes from normal volunteers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of substance abuse treatment modality on birth weight and health care expenditures.

During the 1990s, substance abuse treatment programs were developed for pregnant women to help improve infant birth outcomes, reduce maternal drug dependency and promote positive lifestyle changes. This study compared the relative impact of five treatment modalities--residential, outpatient, residential/outpatient, methadone and detoxification-only--on infant birth weight and perinatal health care expenditures for a sample of 445 Medicaid-eligible pregnant women who received treatment in Massachusetts between 1992 and 1997. Costs and outcomes were measured using the Addiction Severity Index and data from birth certificates, substance abuse treatment records and Medicaid claims. Multiple regression was used to control for intake differences between the groups. Results showed a near linear relationship between birth weight and amount of treatment received. Women who received the most treatment (the residential/outpatient group) delivered infants who were 190 grams heavier than those who received the least treatment (the detoxification-only group) for an additional cost of $17,211. Outpatient programs were the most cost-effective option, increasing birth weight by 139 grams over detoxification-only for an investment of only $1,788 in additional health care and treatment costs. A second regression using five intermediate treatment outcomes--prenatal care, weight gain, relapse, tobacco use and infection--suggested that increases in birth weight were due primarily to improved nutrition and reduced drug use, behaviors which are perhaps more easily influenced in residential settings.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

High fibre diet.

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Dietary Fiber↗
PubMedDate not supplied

12alpha- and 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities from Fusobacterium spp.

On screening fecal organisms for hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities applicable to bile acid metabolism studies, we have isolated a gram negative "Bacteroides-like" anaerobe which yields both 12alpha- and 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) activities in cell-free preparation. At the optimal harvest time of 36 hours, approximately 4500 units 12alpha-HSDH and 360 units 7alpha-HSDH were produced per 10(10) viable cells. The two enzymes appear to be separate entities in the basis of their stabilities on freezing, and prolonged storage at room temperature and elution volumes on Sephadex G 200. Thin layer chromatography studies on oxidation products confirmed the respective sites of oxidation to be the 12alpha-OH and 7alpha-OH position. No 3alpha-OH oriented activity was measurable. Preliminary kinetic studies of the 12alpha-HSDH revealed a broad pH curve with optimal activity at pH 9.5. Michaelis constants for glycodeoxycholate and NADP were estimated at 1.5 x 10(-4)M and 3.3 x 10(-5)M respectively.

Animals↗