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C Martin

Publications and source records attributed to C Martin.

At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

A P1-based physical map of the Drosophila euchromatic genome.

A PCR-based sequence-tagged site (STS) content mapping strategy has been used to generate a physical map with 90% coverage of the 120-Mb euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome. To facilitate map completion, the bulk of the STS markers was chosen in a nonrandom fashion. To ensure that all contigs were localized in relation to each other and the genome, these contig-building procedures were performed in conjunction with a large-scale in situ hybridization analysis of randomly selected clones from a Drosophila genomic library that had been generated in a P1 cloning vector. To date, the map consists of 649 contigs with an STS localized on average every 50 kb. This is the first whole genome that has been mapped based on a library constructed with large inserts in a vector that is maintained in Escherichia coli as a single-copy plasmid.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Evidence that a 77-kilodalton protein from the starch of pea embryos is an isoform of starch synthase that is both soluble and granule bound.

In this paper we provide further evidence about the nature of a 77-kD starch synthase (SSII) that is both soluble and bound to the starch granules in developing pea (Pisum sativum L.) embryos. Mature SSII gives rise to starch synthase activity when expressed in a strain of Escherichia coli lacking glycogen synthase. In transgenic potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) expressing SSII, the protein is both soluble and bound to the starch granules. These results confirm that SSII is a starch synthase and indicate that partitioning between the soluble and granule-bound fraction of storage organs is an intrinsic property of the protein. A 60-kD isoform of starch synthase found both in the soluble and granule-bound fraction of the pea embryos is probably derived by the processing of SSII and is a different gene product from GBSSI, the exclusively granule-bound 59-kD isoform of starch synthase that is similar to starch synthases encoded by the waxy genes of cereals and the amf gene of potatoes. Consistent with this, expression in E. coli of an N-terminally truncated version of SSII gives rise to starch synthase activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Identification of the major starch synthase in the soluble fraction of potato tubers.

The major isoform of starch synthase from the soluble fraction of developing potato tubers has been purified and used to prepare an antibody and isolate a cDNA. The protein is 140 kD, and it is distinctly different in predicted primary amino acid sequence from other isoforms of the enzyme thus far described. Immunoinhibition and immunoblotting experiments and analysis of tubers in which activity of the isoform was reduced through expression of antisense mRNA revealed that the isoform accounts for approximately 80% of the activity in the soluble fraction of the tuber and that it is also bound to starch granules. Severe reductions in activity had no discernible effect on starch content or amylose-to-amylopectin ratio of starch in tubers. However, they caused a profound change in the morphology of starch granules, indicative of important underlying changes in the structure of starch polymers within the granule.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Apparent redundancy in myb gene function provides gearing for the control of flavonoid biosynthesis in antirrhinum flowers.

Two Myb-related transcription factors, Myb305 and Myb340, are expressed specifically in flowers of Antirrhinum. The proteins are structurally very similar throughout their DNA binding domains, implying that they bind to common target motifs. This binding has been demonstrated experimentally. Myb305 has been shown to activate the gene encoding the first enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. We show that Myb340 can also activate transcription from the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene promoter and that both transcription factors can activate two other genes involved in flavonoid metabolism, thereby linking early and later steps in plant secondary metabolism. Myb340 is a stronger activator than Myb305, but relatively more Myb305 than Myb340 protein is able to bind to target promoters when both proteins are synthesized in yeast or Escherichia coli, probably as a result of inhibition of Myb340 binding by phosphorylation. This means that Myb305 can compete with Myb340 to reduce its effective transcriptional activation when both transcription factors are expressed in the same cell. This competitive interaction has been demonstrated in plant cells. Expression patterns determined by in situ hybridization showed that the two transcription factors are expressed within the same cells of the flower and imply that the detailed specializations in function of these two apparently redundant transcription factors may be used to provide gears that adjust the rate of induction of secondary metabolism to floral development.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of the chromosomal aminoglycoside 2'-N-acetyltransferase gene from Mycobacterium fortuitum.

A novel gene encoding an aminoglycoside 2'-N-acetyltransferase (AAC) was cloned from Mycobacterium fortuitum. DNA sequencing results identified an open reading frame that we have called aac(2')-Ib encoding a putative protein with a predicted molecular mass of 24,800 Da. The deduced AAC(2')-Ib protein showed homology to the AAC(2')-Ia from Providencia stuartii. This is the second member of a subfamily of AAC(2')-I enzymes to be identified. No homology was found with other acetyltransferases, including all of the AAC(3) and AAC(6') proteins. The aac(2')-Ib gene cloned in a mycobacterial plasmid and introduced in Mycobacterium smegmatis conferred resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, dibekacin, netilmicin, and 6'-N-ethylnetilmicin. DNA hybridization with an intragenic probe of aac(2')-Ib showed that this gene was present in all 34 strains of M. fortuitum tested. The universal presence of the aac(2')-Ib gene in M. fortuitum was not correlated with any aminoglycoside resistance phenotype, suggesting that this gene may play a role in the secondary metabolism of the bacterium.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1996

Penetration of ceftriaxone (1 or 2 grams intravenously) into mediastinal and cardiac tissues in humans.

Penetration of ceftriaxone into heart tissues (valves, myocardium, auricles, and pericardium) and mediastinal tissues (fat and sternal bone) was evaluated after two regimens of ceftriaxone administration. Ten patients (group 1) were given 1,000 mg of ceftriaxone intravenously 30 min before anesthesia. Ten other patients (group 2) received the same dose and then a second 1,000-mg dose at the time of initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass. Similar and very satisfactory penetrations of ceftriaxone into tissue were observed for both groups. During opening and closure of the thorax, mean ceftriaxone concentration was in excess of the MIC at which 90% of the potential pathogens were inhibited (> or = 4 micrograms/g) in the thoracic fat, the sternal bone, and the pericardium. No significant differences between the two administration regimens in penetration of ceftriaxone into tissue were observed. During cardiopulmonary bypass, the ceftriaxone concentration was > or = 4 micrograms/g in the myocardium, the endocardium, and the auricle. The regimen of ceftriaxone administration did not significantly influence penetration of the drug into heart tissues. However, for some patients in the two groups and mainly in the sternal bone at the time of thorax closure (6 patients in group 1 and 5 patients in group 2), ceftriaxone levels in tissues were less than the MICs (4 micrograms/g) for some potential pathogens (methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis). During the different steps of the surgical procedures, all (10 of 10) patients in each group had tissue ceftriaxone levels greater than the MICs for gram-negative aerobic bacilli (0.1 microgram/g), except for Pseudomonas spp.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1996

Concentrations of ceftriaxone (1,000 milligrams intravenously) in abdominal tissues during open prostatectomy.

Ceftriaxone concentrations in abdominal tissues were evaluated at different stages of open prostatectomy. Ceftriaxone was administered as antibiotic prophylaxis, and 15 consecutive patients were given a single dose of ceftriaxone (1,000 mg intravenously in 1 min) 30 min before surgery. Ceftriaxone concentrations in tissue were determined at three stages of the surgical procedure; upon the opening of the abdominal cavity, during the prostatectomy, and upon the closure of the abdominal cavity. Samples of the following tissues or sample were assayed: epiploic and abdominal-wall fat; Retzius' space, bladder, and prostate tissue; and urine. During the different stages of the surgical procedure, for all patients, and in the different tested tissues, ceftriaxone concentrations greater than or equal to the cutoff point (4 micrograms/g of tissue) were measured. The highest concentrations were obtained in the bladder (43 +/- 18 micrograms/g) and in the prostate (35 +/- 18 micrograms/g). In fatty tissues, concentrations were between 13 +/- 5 and 22 +/- 8 micrograms/g. All patients (15 of 15) had ceftriaxone levels in tissue greater than the MICs for the potential pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis). In conclusion, during open prostatectomy and after the use of a single dose of ceftriaxone (1,000 mg), high antibiotic levels were obtained throughout the surgical procedure in the tissues potentially involved in postoperative infection.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1996

Rapid and specific detection of F17-related pilin and adhesin genes in diarrheic and septicemic Escherichia coli strains by multiplex PCR.

The F17-related adhesins are prevalent in Escherichia coli strains isolated from calves with diarrhea or septicemia and from lambs with nephropathy. The F17 family includes the F17a, F17b, F17c, and F111 fimbriae produced by bovine E. coli strains and the G agglutinin produced by human uropathogenic E. coli strains. An easy and inexpensive multiplex PCR method was developed to detect all the F17-related fimbriae and to identify four subtypes of structural subunit genes and two distinct subfamilies of adhesin genes by only two runs of amplification. A strict correlation was observed between the phenotypic assays and the multiplex PCR method when 166 pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from intestinal content of calves or lambs were tested. Genes encoding the F17c structural subunit and the subfamily II adhesins were prominent among the bovine and ovine isolates, and the capsule-like CS31A antigen was strictly associated with the F17c fimbriae. The F17b subtype fimbriae were prominent among the bovine isolates producing the CNF2 toxin, whereas the F17a subtype fimbriae were associated with the bovine isolates producing neither the CS31A antigen nor the CNF2 toxin. Five bacterial strains possessed two distinct and complete F17-related fimbrial gene clusters, and two of them produced two F17-related fimbriae at the bacterial cell surface. The related fimbrial gene clusters are probably organized in mosaic operons consisting of F17-related pilin and adhesin genes, and horizontal gene transfer may occur among E. coli strains isolated form different animal species.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed1996

Identification of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat epitope that is neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic.

Tat is an 86- to 104-amino-acid viral protein that activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression, modifies several cellular functions, and causes neurotoxicity. Here, we determined the extent to which peptide fragments of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 BRU Tat1-86 produced neurotoxicity, increased levels of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), and affected neuronal excitability. Tat31-61 but not Tat48-85 dose dependently increased cytotoxicity and levels of [Ca2+]i in cultured human fetal brain cells. Similarly, Tat31-61 but not Tat48-85 depolarized rat hippocampal CA1 neurons in slices of rat brain. The neurotoxicity and increases in [Ca2+]i could be significantly inhibited by non-N-methyl-D-aspartate excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists. Shorter 15-mer peptides which overlapped by 10 amino acids each and which represented the entire sequence of Tat1-86 failed to produce any measurable neurotoxicity. Although it remains to be determined if Tat acts directly on neurons and/or indirectly via glial cells, these findings do suggest that Tat neurotoxicity is conformationally dependent, that the active site resides within the first exon of Tat between residues 31 to 61, and that these effects are mediated at least in part by excitatory amino acid receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

No founder effect in three novel Alzheimer's disease families with APP 717 Val-->Ile mutation. Clerget-darpoux. French Alzheimer's Disease Study Group.

We sequenced exons 16 and 17 of the APP (amyloid precursor protein) gene in 18 unrelated French Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. These patients had an onset before the age of 60 and belonged to families with autosomal dominant transmission of the disease. We detected the APP 717 Val-->Ile mutation in three out of 18 (16.6%) families. In these three families, all affected subjects had the APOE 3/3 genotype, but their ages of onset ranged from 38 to 60 years, indicating that factors other than the APOE genotype influence age of onset. Analysis of two polymorphic loci adjacent to the APP gene showed that at least two independent mutational events had occurred within these pedigrees, in spite of their origin in the same region of France.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Hyperdynamic sepsis depresses circulatory compensation to normovolemic anemia in conscious rats.

This study was designed to determine whether sepsis modifies the ability to preserve vital organ O2 delivery (QO2) across a clinically relevant range of hematocrits. Ninety rats were randomly allocated to cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) or a sham (Sham) procedure. With the use of rat plasma, rat whole blood, or packed rat red blood cells, respectively, randomization into three different hematocrit subgroups followed: low (21-28%), middle (33-40%), and high (45-52%). Organ blood flow values (Q) were measured by the radioactive microsphere technique, and organ QO2 values were calculated. Twenty-four hours after laparotomy, the hematocrit grouping had not modified the interorgan distribution of Q or QO2 in either the CLP or Sham rats. To characterize overall metabolic O2 reserve, rats were then exposed to hypoxia (inspired O2 fraction, 0.08) for 20 min. Whereas cardiac output increased significantly during hypoxia in all experimental groups, myocardial QO2 failed to increase in the low hematocrit Sham subgroup and fell significantly in both the middle- and low-hematocrit CLP subgroups. There was also a lesser redistribution of QO2 away from the small intestine in the low-hematocrit compared with the high-hematocrit CLP subgroup. We conclude that myocardial QO2 is more effectively maintained in septic hypoxic rats if the hematocrit is maintained at levels >45%.

Anemia↗
PubMed1996

Increased cholesteryl ester transfer activity in plasma from analbuminemic patients.

Hypercholesterolemia associated with analbuminemia, an inherited disease manifesting low plasma albumin concentration, is characterized by enhanced LDL cholesterol levels and reduced HDL cholesterol levels. In addition, compared with normal counterparts, the esterified cholesterol:triglyceride ratio tends to be higher in analbuminemic apoB-containing lipoproteins and lower in analbuminemic HDL. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism that may account for the association of a hypoalbuminemic state with alterations in the concentration and composition of plasma lipoprotein fractions. To this end, endogenous cholesterol esterification activity, phospholipid transfer activity, and cholesteryl ester transfer activity were measured in total plasma from three analbuminemic patients and five control subjects. Whereas endogenous cholesterol esterification and phospholipid transfer rates were not significantly affected in analbuminemia, the transfer of radiolabeled cholesteryl esters from HDL toward apoB-containing lipoproteins was constantly higher in analbuminemic plasmas than in normal control plasma (473.6+/-107.3% x h(-1) x mL(-1) versus 227.5+/-84.0% x h(-1) x mL(-1), respectively; P=.036). The rise in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity in analbuminemic plasma was due to a significant increase in the transfer of radiolabeled cholesteryl esters toward LDL but not toward the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The CETP mass was higher in analbuminemic patients than in control subjects, but the difference did not reach the significance level (5.18+/-0.82 mg/L versus 3.13+/-1.19 mg/L respectively; P=.07). Since abnormally elevated nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels were shown to be associated with analbuminemic lipoproteins, mostly LDL, the direct role of lipoprotein-bound NEFA in enhancing CETP activity was suspected. In support of this view, supplementation of total plasmas with fatty acid-poor albumin was shown to reduce CETP activity to a significantly greater extent in analbuminemic plasmas than in normal control plasma. It is concluded that hyperlipidemia associated with the hypoalbuminemic state can relate, at least in part, to the combined effect of CETP and NEFA in promoting the transfer of cholesteryl esters from the antiatherogenic HDL toward the proatherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Videomicroscopy of methacholine-induced contraction of individual airways in precision-cut lung slices.

Contraction of airways of different size can be studied in viable lung slices by videomicroscopy. However, at present, application of this technique is limited by the heterogeneous responses obtained. We investigated the use of precision-cut lung slices to examine contraction of individual airways. Lung slices of 250 +/- 20 microns were prepared from Wistar rats and cultured in a roller incubator in serum-free minimum essential medium (MEM). Under these conditions, the slices were viable for at least 70 h, as indicated by leakage of lactate dehydrogenase into the supernatant, thymidine incorporation and ciliary beating. The slices were placed in a newly developed incubation chamber and mounted by a nylon thread that was fixed to a platinum wire. The whole chamber was positioned on a microscope stage, and contraction of single airways was followed under a microscope that was coupled to a CCD-camera. Reduction in airway area was taken as an index of bronchoconstriction and was determined by a computer program. Addition of methacholine resulted in a concentration-dependent (concentration producing half the maximal effect (EC50) = 0.64 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- SD) microM; n = 64) contraction of single airways. In the presence of hydrocortisone, the EC50 was about six times greater, i.e. 3.7 +/- 0.9 microM (n = 7), and the effect of the steroid was largely abolished by propanolol (EC50 = 1.1 +/- 0.1 microM; n = 7). Airways with an area smaller than 35,000 microns2 were nearly nine times more sensitive to methacholine (EC50 = 0.1 +/- 0.03 microM; n = 20) than larger ones (EC50 = 87 +/- 0.27 microM; n = 22). We conclude that cultured precision-cut lung slices are a useful model for routine study of contraction of individual airways of various sizes. The measurements were precise and reproducible and showed that smaller airways are more sensitive to methacholine than larger ones.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Calcitriol down-modulates the 3,5,3' triiodothyronine (T3) receptors and affects, in a biphasic manner, the T3-dependent adipose differentiation of Ob 17 preadipocytes.

In previous reports, we showed that T3 is required for terminal differentiation of the murine Ob 17 preadipocytes, and that it partially down-modulates the abundance of its own nuclear receptor sites (T3R). We also reported that a profound depletion of the T3R was produced by all-trans-retinoic acid at concentrations that inhibit adipose differentiation. Here, we report that calcitriol (VD), which activates a nuclear receptor (VDR) closely related to the T3R and retinoid receptors, also markedly affects nuclear T3 binding and T3-induced differentiation of Ob 17 cells. Within a nearly physiological concentration range (0.1-2.5 nM), calcitriol profoundly down-modulated T3R abundance without altering the affinity for T3. The T3R depletion was a fast event, sustained under VD and reversed within 48 h of VD withdrawal. The order of efficient concentration ranges of VD and analogs suggests an involvement of the VDR. The T3R-depleting effect of VD was observed at every stage of adipose differentiation and was additive to the depleting effect of T3. Within the 0.1-2.5 nM VD concentration range, the c-erbA alpha and -alpha 1 messenger RNA levels (only c-erbA alpha gene products were detected in these cells) were poorly decreased; VD also did not alter a protein band specifically detected with specific anti-c-erbA alpha 1 antibodies in Western blots of nuclear extracts. VD accelerated the T3R disappearance rate; the results suggest that this would probably involve sequestration, rather than degradation, events. Interestingly, calcitriol added to the culture medium of Ob 17 preadipocytes markedly influenced the adipose differentiation, exerting a clear-cut stimulation at levels of 0.25 nM or less and profound inhibition at concentrations above 0.25 nM. Both effects were observed provided that VD was added within an early critical period of the differentiation process, as we previously reported for T3. The stimulations caused by low concentrations of VD and 1.5 nM T3 were additive. Increasing the VD concentration produced a progressive attenuation, then a suppression, of the stimulating effect of T3. Comparative analyses of VD-related changes in adipose differentiation and T3R abundance suggest that a correlation may exist between optimal differentiation and a partial depletion of the T3R, whereas a profound depletion of the T3R occurred at inhibitory concentrations of VD. The present results sustain the concept that T3R play a role in the differentiation of Ob 17 preadipocytes. Moreover, the results suggest that there may be a T3 receptor site concentration optimal for efficient differentiation. A regulation of this concentration involves ligands of other closely related receptors and, thus, probably the interplays that exist between these receptors.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1996

Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in multiple trauma patients. A prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aims of the study were to evaluate the technique of selective digestion decontamination (SDD) in preventing the development of nosocomial infections in a selected population and to assess the effects on colonization of the oropharynx, nares, and bronchi. A financial assessment was also performed. DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial using amphotericin B, colistin sulfate (polymixin E), and gentamicin applied to the nares, the oropharynx, and enterally; no parenteral antibiotics were given during the study period. The SDD was applied every 6 h during the study period. SETTING: Multidisciplinary ICU in a university hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 148 trauma patients admitted emergently and intubated within less than 24 h were enrolled. Seventy-two patients who received placebo and 76 treated patients were analyzed on an "intention-to-treat" basis. INTERVENTIONS: Microbiologic surveillance samples of oropharyngeal and bronchial secretions, urine, and any other potentially infected sites were taken at the time of ICU admission and twice weekly thereafter until discharge from the unit. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: With the use of SDD, colonization was significantly reduced in the oropharynx and nares (<0.05) but not in bronchi. However, episodes of bronchopneumonia were significantly reduced (19 in the active group vs 37 in the placebo group; p,0.01). Staphylococcus aureus remained the main potential pathogen causing bronchial colonization and subsequent bronchopneumonia. There was no reduction in the incidence of other infections. Days in the ICU, duration of mechanical ventilation, and mortality rate were unchanged. After the use of SDD, Gram-positive colonization tended to increase and this was mainly due to methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. The total cost of antibiotic therapy ($62,117 [US] in the placebo group and $36,008 in the SDD group) was decreased by 42% with the use of SDD. Clinically important complications of SDD were not encountered. CONCLUSIONS: The use of SDD in this population of trauma patients reduced the incidence of bronchopneumonia and the total charge for antibiotics. Stay in the ICU, mechanical ventilation, and mortality rate were unchanged. Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci were selected by SDD in some patients and the clinical relevance of this colonization needs further evaluation.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1996

Circadian changes in net nutrient fluxes across the portal-drained viscera, the liver, and the hindquarters in preruminant calves.

The objective of this study was to describe in preruminant calves the circadian patterns in net nutrient fluxes across the portal-drained viscera, the liver, and the hindquarters and to relate them to previously published variations in tissue energy expenditure. In vivo arterio-venous techniques were used, and animals were fed a conventional milk replacer. In the portal-drained viscera, net glucose absorption occurred 1 to 5 h postprandially with some lactate release. Arterial plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations decreased subsequently, as well as net NEFA uptake by the portal-drained viscera. Triglyceride absorption that occurred 1 as well as 7 or 8 h postprandially did not take place via the portal vein. Changes in energy expenditure of the portal-drained viscera did not correlate with changes in net nutrient fluxes. In the liver, the maximum contribution of lactate to hepatic glucose production was 20%. The NEFA and triglycerides were taken up by the liver, whereas urea was released. Only increases in NEFA uptake could partly explain the postprandial rise in hepatic energy expenditure. In the hindquarters, up to 48% of the glucose taken up could be converted into lactate; the remaining balance was possibly oxidized, thereby contributing as much as 33% to energy expenditure. No hourly patterns were noted in net nutrient fluxes through hindquarters. In conclusion, in preruminants, contribution of nutrients to oxidation differed from that noted in ruminants and seemed to vary with nutrient absorption and availability patterns, especially in the portal-drained viscera.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Influence of sampling time and diet on amino acid composition of protozoal and bacterial fractions from bovine ruminal contents.

Four ruminally cannulated cows were used to compare amino acid (AA) composition of protozoal and bacterial fractions as affected by sampling time and diet. Cows were given once a day restricted feed (80% of ad libitum intake) of 7 kg DM with two successive diets. Diet HB was 65% Cocksfoot hay and 35% pelleted ground barley, and Diet H was 100% Cocksfoot hay. Samples of whole ruminal contents were taken 2, 5, 8, 11, and 23 h after feeding for Diet HB and 2 h after feeding for Diet H to isolate the liquid-associated protozoa and bacteria (LAP, LAB) and particle-associated bacteria (PAB). At each sampling time, the AA compositions of the different microbial populations were determined. The AA profiles of the LAP were different from those of the bacteria for 13 AA out of 17 studied. Differences between AA compositions of LAB and PAB were also observed for 10 AA out of 17 studied. Irrespective of the microbial population, AA composition did not vary with sampling time after feeding diet HB (P > .05; except for arginine, glutamate, and glycine). The AA contents of none of the three microbial populations were affected (P > .05) by the diet except for leucine and glutamate (P < .01). The differences in AA profiles between LAP and bacteria and between LAB and PAB confirm the importance of the representativeness of the microbial reference sample for correctly estimating microbial AA flow into the small intestine.

Amino Acids↗