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Biomedical subjects

C M Beard

Publications and source records attributed to C M Beard.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

The epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Rochester, Minnesota: a population-based study of incidence and survival.

Using the unique data resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a community-based study of clinically diagnosed sarcoidosis was conducted. In this population-based study, the 75 Rochester, Minnesota, residents with sarcoidosis initially diagnosed between 1946 and 1975 (incidence cohort) were followed through their comprehensive medical records in the community to January 1, 1982. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of sarcoidosis was 6.1 per 100,000 person-years. The age-adjusted incidence of sarcoidosis was similar in males (5.9) and females (6.3), with a peak incidence in males 30 to 39 years old (18.7) and in females 40 to 49 years old (15.6). A secular increase in sarcoidosis incidence was noted in the period 1946-1975 for females, with a marked increase in the number and percentage of biopsy-documented cases. Seasonal variation in sarcoidosis incidence was minimal, with a seasonal peak of 31% of the Rochester cases being diagnosed during the spring (March-May). Survival, compared with that of the North Central United States, was unimpaired in this sarcoidosis incidence cohort.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Familial adult motor neuron disease: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

We analyzed the medical records of 103 patients with familial adult motor neuron disease (MND). In the 72 families, 329 members were known to be affected. Observations were compared with the sporadic and Mariana forms of MND. Clinical and laboratory examinations of all three forms were similar in clinical course and findings, but there were minor variations in age at onset, sex ratio, survival, and the frequency with which onset occurred in the lower extremities. Recognition of the familial form still depends on diagnosis of the disease in more than one member of a family.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Bronchogenic carcinoma in Olmsted County, 1935-1979.

The incidence rates of bronchogenic carcinoma based upon 414 cases that occurred in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over a period of 45 years are described. Histologic preparations were available for 97% of cases and were reviewed by one pathologist. The overall average annual age-adjusted rates per 100,000 person-years for the most recent 5 years were 45.6 and 14.0 for men and women, respectively. Squamous cell carcinoma was most common among men and adenocarcinoma was the most common cell type among women. Incidence rates for women have risen to approximately those of men 30 years ago, whereas the incidence for men in the last 5 years has ceased to increase. Age-specific rates show increases for women in all age groups 55 years and older, and for men 65 years and older, whereas the incidence in men younger than 65 years has declined. Survival for 5 years is best for women for all cell types except small cell carcinoma, and is essentially unchanged from the earlier 40-year report.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

Occurrence of malignant neoplasms in the Rochester, Minnesota, rheumatoid arthritis cohort.

The medical records of all patients with rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed in Rochester, Minnesota, from 1950 to 1975 were examined to determine how many of them had malignant neoplasms. Follow-up averaged more than 14 years with outcome diagnoses complete in 98 percent of cases. All diagnoses of malignant neoplasm in this cohort were identified through the centralized record system based at the Mayo Clinic. Approximately 40 percent of these patients with rheumatoid arthritis were at least 60 years old at diagnosis. For comparison, the expected number of malignancies has been calculated using age-specific and site-specific rates from previous Rochester studies and the number of years of observation from date of diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis to the date of last examination. Risk ratios have been calculated by dividing the observed number by the expected number of malignancies. Exact 95 percent confidence intervals around the risk ratios were calculated assuming that the observed number of cases has a Poisson distribution and that the expected number is fixed. Those patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had a malignancy before diagnosis have been analyzed separately, because they are at a higher risk. With the exception of multiple myeloma, no association was found between rheumatoid arthritis and subsequent cancer of any site.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1984

Isolation of human splenic macrophages and lymphocytes by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation.

Certain tissues, such as the spleen, are rich sources of mononuclear phagocytes (MP); however, separating the phagocytes from tissues and removing the contaminating cells have been difficult. We report here a method for the extraction and purification of human splenic MP that employs gentle homogenization of splenic fragments with a Tenbroeck tissue homogenizer, controlled digestion with purified collagenase to free MP from splenic stroma, incubation with DNase to dissociate cell clumps and purification by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE). With homogenization and enzymatic digestion most of the splenic nonspecific-esterase-positive cells are freed into suspension as determined by morphometric analysis of 2 micron sections from plastic embedded spleen stained for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (ANB). Overall cell recovery after homogenization and enzyme treatment is 56 +/- 7%; no selective cell loss occurs as determined by differential cell counts at each purification step. CCE of up to 3 X 10(9) treated spleen cells results in recovery of 63 +/- 6% of the elutriated cells and separates nearly 50% of the recovered MP into enriched fractions. These MP are morphologically intact as determined by light and electron microscopy and are actively phagocytic. Highly purified (96%) autologous splenic lymphocytes are a useful by-product of this separation technique.

Cell Count↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiology of parkinsonism: incidence, classification, and mortality.

An epidemiological study of parkinsonism over a 13-year period (1967 through 1979) is presented, updating previous reports on incidence and trend in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. The overall average annual incidence of parkinsonism per 100,000 population was 20.5, adjusted to the 1970 total United States population, which is virtually unchanged from previous observations. Incidences calculated for each calendar year (1967 through 1979) revealed no remarkable change following the 1976 swine flu vaccination program. There was no sex difference and the peak incidence occurred between ages 75 and 84 years. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease was the most common variant (86%), followed by drug-induced parkinsonism (7%). There were no new cases of postencephalitic parkinsonism diagnosed during the study period. Relative frequency of other types of Parkinson's disease as identified by practicing neurologists is presented. For each case two age- and sex-matched controls were selected from the Rochester population. The survival rates in the controls were comparable to the general population of the west north central region of the United States. The mortalities in the patients were significantly higher (p = 0.001) than the controls and were unchanged from previous rates reported from the same community. In the 69 (50%) patients treated with levodopa, the mortality was comparable to that in controls. The favorable outcome in these cases is attributed to bias resulting from selection of healthier patients for treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Reproductive history in women with coronary heart disease. A case-control study.

Reproductive history events may be risk factors for coronary heart disease among women under age 60. In this study, the cases were 169 women under age 60 with a diagnosis of coronary heart disease while residents of Rochester, Minnesota. The first manifestation of coronary heart disease was angina in 95, myocardial infarction in 59, and sudden unexpected death in 15 women. Two age- and sex-matched controls for each case were selected from all registrations for care at the Mayo Clinic in the same year the case was diagnosed. The cases had more of the accepted coronary heart disease risk factors--i.e., hypertension (relative risk = 2.9), smoking (relative risk = 2.4), elevated serum cholesterol (relative risk = 2.6), and diabetes (relative risk = 4.1)--than did controls. In addition, women undergoing artificial menopause and those whose first pregnancy was before age 25 appeared to be at higher risk of coronary heart disease. Use of multivariate analysis to control for known coronary heart disease risk factors resulted in a relative risk of 1.9 for women whose age at first pregnancy was less than 20, and 1.8 for those whose age at first pregnancy was 20-24, as compared with those never pregnant and those whose age at first pregnancy was greater than or equal to 25.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Cryptorchism and maternal estrogen exposure.

A case-control study of in utero estrogen exposure and cryptorchism was carried out using as cases males born in Rochester, Minnesota, during the years 1943-1973 who were diagnosed as having cryptorchism. Two different control groups were selected for comparison, control group I being more closely matched than control group II. The estimated relative risks (RR) for estrogen exposure were 1.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5-3.1) and 1.1 (95% CI = 0.5-2.6) for control groups I and II, respectively. In the univariate analysis, the only significantly elevated relative risks found were those for bleeding and spotting in the third trimester for cases versus control group II (RR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.1-15.7), birth weight less than 2,500 g for cases versus control group II (RR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.3-9.9), and gestational age of 40 weeks or less for cases versus control group I (RR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.2-2.9). No elevated relative risks were associated with other problems during the index pregnancy or with prior pregnancies, nor with progestin exposure, smoking, presentation at delivery, or mode of onset of labor. Multivariate analysis also provided no evidence to suggest that in utero estrogen exposure is associated with cryptorchism in male offspring.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Essential tremor in Rochester, Minnesota: a 45-year study.

A 45-year (1935-79) retrospective study of essential tremor based on original medical records on residents of Rochester, Minnesota, is presented. The age and sex adjusted incidence for the most recent 15 year period was 23.7 per 100 000 for US white population. The prevalence rate, age and sex adjusted to 1970 US white population on January 1, 1979 was estimated at 305.6 per 100 000. Survival after diagnosis of essential tremor is comparable to age and sex matched population of West North Central United States. Mean age at diagnosis was 58 (range 2-96) years. Age adjusted annual incidence rate was not different in males (18.3/100 000) and females (17.1/100 000). Functional handicap was reported by four (1.5%) of the 266 incidence cases in school, 13 (5%) cases at work and five cases (2%) retired prematurely. Excessive use of alcohol was noted in 16% and 6% were diagnosed as alcoholic. Torticollis was diagnosed in 3% cases and an additional diagnosis of Parkinson's disease after the index date was made in 2% of incidence cases. Subsequent emergence of Parkinsonism was regarded as incidental. Diagnosis of hypertension was made at some time in 30% of incidence cases during the period (mean 37 years) for which the medical records were available. Risk of hypertension after onset of essential tremor in the cases was not different from that in a control group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiological survey of dementia in parkinsonism and control population.

In a 13-year (1967-1979) survey of Rochester, Minnesota residents, 138 new cases of parkinsonism were recognized. For each case, 2 age- and sex-matched residents from the community were identified who attended the same medical facility as the patient did. Original medical records for 40 years preceding the diagnosis and control selection were reviewed on all patients and controls. Diagnosis of dementia was made three times more frequently in patients than in the controls, but the age at diagnosis was similar in the two groups. Those cases where neither of the three matched individuals had dementia at the time of initial recognition of parkinsonism were further followed. Dementia emerged significantly more frequently in patients than in controls. The subgroup of patients treated with levodopa had higher frequency of dementia than the controls. It is concluded that dementia is significantly more common in parkinsonian patients than in a comparable population. Dementia is believed to be either an integral part of the disease process or these patients are prone to some other illness that produces dementia. Our data conclusively show that dementia is not a reflection of old age. Higher incidence of dementia in levodopa-treated cases may be due to case-selection artifact or an as yet unrecognized effect of levodopa.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Epidemiology of adult polycystic kidney disease, Olmsted County, Minnesota: 1935-1980.

Between January 1, 1935 and December 31, 1980, adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) was diagnosed in 40 residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, resulting in an age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence rate of 1.38/100,000 person-years. In addition, 16 cases were detected at autopsy, increasing the rate to 2.06. It is estimated that 16 additional cases would have been discovered had all deaths come to autopsy, resulting in a rate of 2.75, or approximately twice the incidence rate of cases diagnosed during life. Because of improvements in medical care and diagnostic techniques, APKD has been diagnosed earlier and more frequently in the recent decades. This, along with therapeutic advances, explains the improvement in kidney and patient survival for the patients diagnosed during 1956-1980, as compared to those diagnosed during 1935-1955. Normotension at diagnosis tended to be associated with better kidney and/or patient survival. Cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1983

Occurrence of pheochromocytoma in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950 through 1979.

For the 30 years from 1950 through 1979, the population of Rochester, Minnesota, averaged 45,800, resulting in almost 1.4 million person-years of observation. During that time, 11 cases of pheochromocytoma were diagnosed in this population; thus, the average annual incidence rate was 0.8 per 100,000 person-years. With the inclusion of two additional diagnosed familial cases, the incidence rate would be 0.95 per 100,000 person-years. Five of the 11 cases were diagnosed initially at autopsy.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1982

The incidence of retinal detachment in Rochester, Minnesota, 1970-1978.

We studied the incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Rochester, Minnesota, for the nine-year period from 1970 through 1978. The age-adjusted rate for idiopathic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was 10.1 per 100,000 population per year (45 cases). Including 12 cases of aphakic retinal detachments, the age-adjusted incidence was 12.9 per 100,000 population per year. Not surprisingly, the incidence rate increased with age in both sexes. By extrapolation from the Rochester rates, the number of cases per year of idiopathic retinal detachment in the United States would be expected to be about 22,000, and the number of both aphakic and idiopathic phakic cases per year would be expected to approach 28,000.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Daily and seasonal variation in sudden cardiac death, Rochester, Minnesota, 1950-1975.

Incidence cases of coronary heart disease that occurred in Rochester, Minnesota, during the years 1950 through 1975 were used for a study of the distribution of sudden cardiac death (1,054 cases) by day of the week and season of the year. Overall, sudden cardiac death--that is, death within 24 hours of onset of symptoms--occurred with greater frequency on Saturdays than on other days of the week. The frequency of occurrence of sudden cardiac death by season varied somewhat--the highest frequency was in winter and the lowest in summer-- but no more than expected by chance. Among males, there was a decreasing trend by day of the week from Saturday to Friday, and this was so for those with and those without a history of coronary heart disease (P less than 0.01).

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1981

Cholecystectomy and carcinoma of the colon.

After cholecystectomy the concentration of secondary bile acids in the bile increases. These bile acids have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the colon. Hence the hypothesis that cholecystectomy predisposes to the development of carcinoma of the colon. To test this hypothesis, 1681 residents of Rochester, Minnesota (460 males and 1221 females), who underwent cholecystectomy during 1950-69, were followed up. Carcinoma of the colon developed in a higher-than-expected number of patients. However, the association was significant only in females (relative risk 1.7; 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.5) and even stronger for right-sided carcinoma of the colon (relative risk 2.1; 95% confidence interval 1.1-3.6). These data support the hypothesis that cholecystectomy may be a predisposing factor in the development of cancer of the colon in women.

Aged↗