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Biomedical subjects

C M Andrews

Publications and source records attributed to C M Andrews.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Effects of manipulating food availability on ethanol self-administration by P rats in a continuous access situation.

Male rats from the alcohol-preferring (P) line were housed in operant chambers in which food, water, and ethanol (10% v/v) were available continuously 23 hr per day. Over a period of weeks, the fixed ratio (FR) requirement for food reinforcement was gradually increased from FR 1 to FR 64. The response requirements for water and ethanol remained constant throughout the experiment. As the FR requirement for food reinforcement increased, the total number of food-reinforced responses increased significantly, whereas the total number of food pellets delivered per day and total calories per day decreased significantly. Conversely, ethanol intake (g/kg) and the percentage of total calories from ethanol increased significantly as the response requirement for food reinforcement increased. The increase in ethanol intake was accounted for largely by an increase in the number of ethanol drinking bouts per day rather than an increase in the number of dippers presented per bout. The results support the hypothesis that the manipulation of environmental variables, such as FR requirement for food reinforcement, can influence the ethanol self-administration of P rats; an effect observed previously with nonselected Long-Evans rats.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

Alcohol self-administration in a nonrestricted access situation with alcohol-preferring (P) rats.

Genetic variables have been implicated as contributing factors in the development of alcoholic behavior. Rats bred selectively for alcohol preference have been used in laboratory studies to investigate the role of such variables. In the present study, rats from the alcohol preferring (P) line were placed in operant chambers in which food pellets, water, and 10% ethanol (v/v) were available continuously for 23 hr/day. Food pellets (45 mg) were presented on an FR 1 schedule of reinforcement, while ethanol was presented in a 0.1 ml dipper on an FR 4 schedule of reinforcement. Water was available in a drinking tube with licks monitored by a drinkometer. Data were analyzed in terms of both total daily intakes and computer defined bouts. The P rats showed greater daily ethanol intakes compared with Long-Evans (LE) animals previously studied under similar access conditions. The major difference in intake was a result of the P rats having a greater number of daily ethanol drinking bouts, while having only a slight increase in individual bout size. These data indicate that genetic selection for ethanol preference may result in the regulation of ethanol intake by means of changes in the frequency of ethanol drinking bouts but not by changes in bout size.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

Immunization of merino ewes with a synthetic inhibin peptide or with preparations obtained from bovine and porcine follicular fluids by immunoaffinity chromatography result in different effects on ovulation rate and on plasma gonadotrophin concentrations.

Ewes were immunized with either a synthetic peptide (peptide 1-32) that has an amino acid sequence identity with the first 32 amino acids at the amino terminal of the alpha-subunit of porcine inhibin, or with bovine or porcine monoclonal antibody purified inhibin (bMPI and pMPI respectively), obtained by immunochromatography from follicular fluids. The peptide 1-32 was conjugated to albumin before use. Peptide 1-32 and bMPI increased ovulation rate and number of follicles (greater than or equal to 5 mm diameter). Although bMPI increased plasma FSH concentration the peptide did not. pMPI had no effect on ovarian activity but markedly elevated both plasma FSH and LH concentrations. The plasma LH concentration was lowered in ewes immunized with peptide 1-32. It appears, therefore, that ovulation rate can be increased following increased plasma FSH concentrations at luteolysis or in the absence of such an increase. Conversely, greatly increased plasma gonadotrophin concentrations at luteolysis (pMPI) were not followed by an increase in ovulation rate. Antibodies in the plasma of ewes immunized with peptide 1-32 and bMPI bound to iodinated synthetic human inhibin alpha-chain 6-30 peptide. The results suggest that ovulation rate is at least partly determined by intraovarian factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Maternal position, labor, and comfort.

The purpose of this study was to determine if women who assumed upright positions during the phase of maximum slope would have a shorter phase of maximum slope in their labor and experience more comfort than women who assumed recumbent positions. Forty laboring women were randomly assigned to either an upright or recumbent position group. Subjects assumed the positions of their assigned group during the phase of maximum slope in their labor (cervical dilatation from 4 cm to 9 cm). Every hour during the phase of maximum slope, each subject was examined vaginally to determine her cervical dilatation and assessed for her level of comfort using the Maternal Comfort Assessment Tool. Women in the upright position group had a significantly shorter phase of maximum slope in labor, but did not significantly differ in comfort level from women in the recumbent group. Newborn Apgar scores were not significantly different between the two groups. Nurses need to be aware that the upright labor positions have the distinct advantages of facilitating efficient uterine contractions and reducing the duration of the phase of maximum slope in labor, with no increase in the discomfort experienced or adverse effect on newborn well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Changing fetal position through maternal posturing.

Two completed studies and a study in progress have addressed the question whether maternal posturing can produce the rotation of a fetus from a posterior or transverse position to the optimal anterior position. There are clinical problems associated with a malposition and also with the therapeutic procedures used to correct the malposition. Maternal posturing is considered safe, simple, economic, and noninvasive. There is a sound rationale for the choice of the hands and knees posture and the variations used to facilitate fetal rotation. Two studies indicate the effectiveness of maternal posturing. The physical theories of gravity, buoyancy, and friction are used to explain the postures, the fetus, and fetal rotation. The results of the second study are explained with the same physical theories. A current study about maternal postures and fetal position is in progress.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of pelvic tilt exercise for ligament pain relief.

The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a pelvic (hip) tilt exercise in relieving ligament pain during pregnancy. A multiple pain measurement approach was used. The intensity of ligament pain was decreased as indicated by scores on three of four pain intensity measures. The duration of ligament pain also was reduced, although not significantly. Mean scores on all measures of ligament pain intensity, duration, and frequency were lower after the exercises were initiated. Verbal reports from subjects indicated that they had received effective pain relief from the exercise. Thus, pelvic (hip) tilt exercise appears to be effective in reducing ligament pain intensity and, to a lesser extent, pain duration. As a nurse-midwifery strategy, this exercise promotes patient/client comfort and facilitates self-care in the relief of ligament pain during pregnancy.

Exercise Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethanol drinking patterns in a continuous-access operant situation: effects of ethanol concentration and response requirements.

Rats, initiated to self-administer ethanol with either a sucrose-substitution procedure or a secondary-conditioning procedure, were maintained in a continuous-access environmental system in which operant lever press responses were required to receive 10% ethanol and food reinforcement. Water available from a drinking tube was electronically monitored to detect licks. Total daily consumption and patterns of food, water, and ethanol responding were analyzed under conditions in which the concentration of ethanol presented as a reinforcer was either 10% or 20%, and the response requirement for ethanol reinforcement was either a fixed ratio 4 schedule or a fixed ratio 1 schedule. Either increasing the ethanol concentration or decreasing the response requirement resulted in an increase in total daily ethanol intake. There was no significant difference between initiation procedures. These results are similar to observations in studies using a limited-access operant situation. This increased ethanol intake resulted from a complex alteration in the daily ethanol drinking pattern. The greatest ethanol intakes were observed when both the ethanol concentration was increased and response requirement was decreased. This was predominantly the result of increasing the number of ethanol drinking bouts per day when the response requirement was decreased, and by decreasing individual bout size by less than half when the ethanol concentration was doubled. These studies indicate that concentration of the ethanol presented as the reinforcer and the response cost required for reinforcement are involved in regulating ethanol consumption in the continuous-access condition. Type of initiation did not appear to interact with these variables.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of morphine on acquisition and maintenance of ethanol and water intake patterns in rats.

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of chronic subcutaneous injections of morphine (1.0 mg/kg) or saline on the pattern and amount of sweetened ethanol and water intake in fluid restricted Long-Evans rats. Following daily injections, 2-h two-bottle choice tests were conducted with water and an ethanol solution (15% ethanol v/v in 5% sucrose w/v). During a 20-day acquisition phase (Experiment 1), ethanol intake patterns and amounts did not differ between saline (n = 6) and morphine (n = 6) groups. Both groups exhibited ethanol intake patterns that decreased exponentially throughout the session suggesting control by fluid restriction procedures. Morphine decreased water intake during initial periods of each session and increased intake during later periods. In Experiment 2, morphine and saline injections were reversed across three phases with the same rats. Morphine increased total ethanol consumption during the first few days of each 15-day phase, but the groups did not differ thereafter, and the initial increases produced no statistically significant group differences. Additionally, morphine augmented ethanol intake in early portions of sessions, while water intake was decreased and increased during early and later portions of each session, respectively. Analysis of the data from the last 5 days of each phase indicated that, when injected with morphine, the group which received saline during acquisition consumed significantly more ethanol solution than the group injected with morphine during acquisition. The effect on patterns of water and ethanol intake were observed, regardless of the drug injected during acquisition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women for women's health: Uganda.

The primary health care model targets social, political, and economic environments as key determinants of health for populations, as well as for individuals. If nursing in Uganda is to make a difference in health care outcomes and in the health of all Ugandans, nurses must look broadly at situations and be educated to practice primary health care nursing. After 14 years of civil war, Uganda is finally experiencing a period of reconstruction and rehabilitation: the whole infrastructure is undergoing a face-lift. Ugandan nurses recognize that their educational preparation has stagnated for many years and that it was not only the political unrest in their country that put them behind professionally. They realize that, given the new directions set by the government, they must become prepared to implement primary health care. They are demanding a university education so they may take their place alongside other health care providers prepared at the university level. Some of the most convincing arguments for a university program for nurses came from doctors at the university who spoke about the need to raise the standards of nursing practice, the quality of teachers, and the morale of practitioners. One nurse said: "If we lose hope for a BScN program, I think all the nurses will quit and we won't have any new students going into the profession." This program is designed to improve the health and well-being of all Ugandans, especially the most vulnerable groups of women and children in rural areas, through strengthening and expanding health services by targeting the educational preparation of nurses. Health planners in Uganda envision the professional nurse as key to the implementation of the national health policy of primary health care. University-educated nurses should be able to assess problems, make clinically sound decisions, and act appropriately within the scope of nursing practice. They should be able to interact and consult collegially with other health care professionals. Placed in rural community sites, nurses should function independently as community leaders, health education facilitators, primary health care practitioners, and educators for nursing students. Such intervention in community health care by BScN nurses should improve health care utilization and decrease mortality and morbidity from preventable causes. BScN nurses should make an impact on health care policy, nursing education, and primary health care. The evaluation of this project needs to be as comprehensive as its development and implementation. It will focus on health outcomes, particularly for women and children in rural areas of Uganda. Measurement of the effects of the process of nursing education (the BScN curriculum) in terms of output (nurses educated and placed in rural practice, nursing education, or government policy posts), outcomes (change in health status of rural communities), and broader impacts (changes in the status of women and in government policy toward women, nurses, or health at the local, regional, and national levels) is planned. An element of sustainability is present, as an operations research structure will be left in place at the community level. Timing, as the saying goes, is everything, and this project has had good timing. Our belief in the efforts and the goals of the project also gave us the strength to get support from various funding agencies for "small" things. For example, we got support from churches in the United States for building schools in Uganda; we persisted with the women's income-generating project when other support was pulled; we got books for the library in Uganda and got clothes, books, and furnishings for the students who came to this country. The motivation for project personnel has been altruism. The services that the two consultants provided to their Ugandan colleagues have extended far beyond the scope of the project.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The length of the second stage of labor in uncomplicated, nulliparous African American and Puerto Rican women.

The Friedman Curve of Normal Labor, based on Emanuel Friedman's studies of Caucasian women in 1954 and 1955, remains the "gold standard" for assessing progress in the second stage of labor. Clinical observation by the authors, however, suggests that the second stage of labor is shorter in African American and Puerto Rican women. This descriptive, comparative study examined the duration of the second stage of labor in nulliparous African American and Puerto Rican women with uncomplicated births. The labor and delivery records of 373 African American and 157 Puerto Rican nulliparous women were randomly selected and reviewed, and the mean durations of the second stage of labor for both groups were compared to Friedman's labor curve. The mean length of second stage of labor in the sample of African American women was 31.6 minutes with a standard deviation of +/- 22.5 minutes, significantly shorter than Friedman's duration (P < .01). The mean length of second stage of labor in the sample of Puerto Rican women was 44.32 minutes with a standard deviation of +/- 33.03 minutes. This was also shorter than Friedman's figure for the second stage of labor (P < .01). These findings provide a more appropriate curve for monitoring labor progress in women from different ethnic backgrounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mother-infant interaction and breastfeeding outcome 6 weeks after birth.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored the relationship of early postpartum maternal-infant interactions to breastfeeding outcome at 6 weeks postpartum. DESIGN: Prospective, comparative descriptive study. SETTING: Women, Infants, and Children Supplemental Nutrition Program and Comprehensive Perinatal Services Programs in northern California. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-two Latina participants were recruited in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Eligibility criteria included age 18 years or older, primiparous at recruitment, antepartum desire to breastfeed 8 weeks or longer postpartum, planned hospital birth, full-term vaginal birth of a healthy newborn, and an uncomplicated, immediate postpartum course for mother and newborn, including being discharged together. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study examined breastfeeding dyads' early postpartum scores on Barnard's Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS) in relation to breastfeeding outcome 6 weeks postpartum. NCAFS tests were performed 28-90 hours postpartum in the participants' homes, and breastfeeding status was assessed by phone contact 6 weeks postpartum. RESULTS: Dyads continuing to breastfeed at 6 weeks postpartum had significantly higher early postpartum NCAFS scores than did dyads who had weaned from the breast by 6 weeks postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: Optimal maternal-infant interactions, as evidenced by higher scores on Barnard's NCAFS, were related to longer breastfeeding duration. Lower scores on the NCAFS, suggesting difficulties in maternal-infant interaction, were related to weaning earlier than planned.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing, maternal postures, and fetal position.

The objectives of this study were to (a) determine if a safe, simple, and economic nursing procedure--maternal posturing--would result in the rotation of a fetus in the posterior or transverse position to the optimal anterior position and (b) evaluate the relative effectiveness of a series of maternal postures for facilitating anterior fetal rotation. One hundred healthy women at term pregnancy were randomly assigned to four treatment and one control posture for a 10-minute period. At two nurse-midwifery clinics, one certified nurse-midwife postured the subjects and one midwife measured the dependent variable (fetal position) with Leopold's maneuvers. Hypotheses I-IV, which predicted that the four rotation postures would have a greater proportion of anterior fetal rotations than the control posture, were supported (p less than .000). Essentially all four postures were effective and there was little difference between the treatment postures. A second posturing was performed to determine if an additional 10 minutes in a treatment posture would result in an anterior fetal position. There was a greater proportion of anterior fetal rotations with the four rotation postures than the control posture. The Sims posture was used as a maintenance posture for anterior positions, and was successful when done on the opposite side of the fetal back. The theoretical explication of how maternal postures effect fetal rotation remains sound.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The complexities of educating nurses in Uganda.

Imagine that you are a woman living in rural Uganda. Your husband has returned to the city to work as a manual labourer. With a toddler playing alongside, you work long hot hours in the field to provide for your family. For weeks you have run a low-grade fever which you suspect is related to your advancing pregnancy. As traditional medicines have provided no relief, you sacrifice a day in the field and wait in line for care at a medical clinic outpost that is staffed one day a week. Nearing your turn, you hear a rumour that the government now requires payment in advance for care. As you and most of the others waiting in line do not have money, you leave together and arrange to pool resources from a community project so that you can all return to the clinic next week. Your pain increases and your productivity goes down. When the clinic day finally comes, the nurse does not show up because her own children need food and she prefers to earn ready cash by selling crafts in the market rather than work at the clinic for barely subsistence pay. The story does not end here, nor does that of countless other women in Uganda, including the caregivers. The difficulties are ongoing. And meeting health needs in Uganda as in many countries in Sub-Sahara Africa is complex and challenging.

Cultural Characteristics↗