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Biomedical subjects

C M Anderson

Publications and source records attributed to C M Anderson.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Mesoamygdaloid dopamine neurons: differential rates of dopamine turnover in discrete amygdaloid nuclei of the rat brain.

Populations of dopamine (DA) neurons innervating discrete amygdaloid nuclei exhibited a widely varying rate of biochemically estimated tonic activity, with DA turnover rates in the various amygdaloid nuclei increasing in the following order: central, medial posterior, medial, posterior, basal, basal posterior, cortical, lateral amygdaloid nucleus. With the exception of the central and the medially aligned amygdaloid nuclei, mesoamydaloid DA neurons exhibited a faster rate of DA turnover than the well-characterized DA neurons projecting to the caudate nucleus and olfactory tubercle. When amenable to estimation by this technique, the activity of mesoamygdaloid norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons was less than that of mesoamygdaloid DA neurons. These findings support the focal influence of DA in the amygdaloid complex and reinforce the biochemical and functional heterogeneity of the component nuclei of the amygdala.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1987

Female transfer in baboons.

Eight of 19 identified adult females transferred over 7 years in a study of intertroop relations among Papio ursinus at Suikerbosrand. Only one of the eight was cycling at the time of transfer. Five of the seven recent mothers who transferred had lost their infants shortly before transferring. Females who transferred received no more aggression before or after their transfer than females who did not transfer. The most important factors determining this extraordinarily high rate of female transfer include subtrooping and absence of predation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

1H NMR relaxation measurements of human tissues in situ by spatially resolved spectroscopy.

Spatially resolved spectroscopy (SPARS) is a method for obtaining high-resolution NMR spectra of well-defined volumes of human tissues in situ. This method was combined with the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill multiple-echo sequence for T2, and with inversion recovery for T1 relaxation measurements. Relaxation times obtained by SPARS were compared with standard CPMG and IR relaxation measurements and with imaging methods, using a number of relaxation phantoms. Spectroscopically resolved relaxation data of human bone marrow, muscle, and adipose tissue in situ were obtained. T2 measurements of human adipose tissue gave different results when using single-echo measurements rather than the CPMG method. This difference was interpreted as a J modulation effect, which shows up in fatty acid proton resonances. This J modulation effect influences the intensity of adipose tissue in routine 1H NMR images.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Absence of synthesis-modulating nerve terminal autoreceptors on mesoamygdaloid and other mesolimbic dopamine neuronal populations.

The present study sought to map the distribution of dopamine (DA) synthesis-modulating autoreceptors on DA nerve terminals innervating the amygdala and other limbic structures of the rat brain at a level of anatomic resolution (i.e., discrete component nuclei) commensurate with the functional organization of such structures. The biochemically estimated response of mesoamygdaloid and other limbic DA neuronal populations to conditions of minimal (gammabutyrolactone administration or surgical axotomy) and maximal (low-dose apomorphine administration) activation of nerve terminal DA autoreceptors was examined and compared to the response of mesostriatal and mesocortical DA neurons. In contrast to the caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle, neither gammabutyrolactone (GBL) nor axotomy increased biochemically estimated DA synthesis (DOPA accumulation) in any of the amygdaloid nuclei, the anterior amygdaloid area, septal nuclei, or subdivisions of the interstitial (bed) nucleus of the stria terminalis. These results indicate that, similar to the medial prefrontal cortex and median eminence, DA synthesis in mesoamygdaloid and other subcortical limbic DA neuronal populations is not under the regulatory influence of tonically active, nerve terminal-localized autoreceptors. Both GBL and axotomy increased DOPA accumulation in the anterior cingulate cortex, but not in allocortical projection fields. In contrast to the differential distribution of DA synthesis-modulating terminal autoreceptors, the end-product inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity appears to be a ubiquitously expressed regulatory property of DA neurons. The decrease in DA metabolism produced by the administration of a low, presumably auto-receptor-selective, dose of apomorphine exhibited a DA neuronal population distribution distinctly unlike that of the aforementioned effects of GBL or axotomy on DOPA accumulation. These results reinforce the DA neuronal population-selective distribution of synthesis-modulating autoreceptors and indicate that nerve terminal-localized autoreceptors are operative in regulating DA synthesis in only a minority of DA-innervated brain structures. Further, the demonstration of such autoreceptors is dependent upon the preparation, pharmacological tools, and functional endpoints chosen for study.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMed1986

Family psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. I. One-year effects of a controlled study on relapse and expressed emotion.

Relapse rates averaging 41% in the first year after discharge among schizophrenic patients receiving maintenance neuroleptic treatment led to the development of two disorder-relevant treatments: a patient-centered behavioral treatment and a psychoeducational family treatment. Following hospital admission, 103 patients residing in high expressed emotion (EE) households who met Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomly assigned to a two-year aftercare study of family treatment and medication, social skills training and medication, their combination, or a drug-treated condition. First-year relapse rates among those exposed to treatment demonstrate a main effect for family treatment (19%), a main effect for social skills training (20%), and an additive effect for the combined conditions (0%) relative to controls (41%). Effects are explained, in part, by the absence of relapse in any household that changed from high to low EE. Only the combination of treatment sustains a remission in households that remain high in EE. Continuing study, however, suggests a delay of relapse rather than prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

A comparative study of the impact of education vs. process groups for families of patients with affective disorders.

This clinical project compares the relative impact of two types of multiple family groups on psychiatric inpatients and their families. Forty patients with a diagnosis of affective disorder, and their family members, were randomly assigned to a traditional multiple family group with a process orientation that emphasized support, destigmatization, and self-help about common problems; or to a psychoeducational multiple family group that emphasized the provision of information about the patient's illness and methods of coping with it effectively. Both groups, which met for four hours on a Saturday afternoon, were an integral part of an ongoing inpatient program specializing in the treatment of affective disorders. Pre- and post-measures were obtained regarding family and patient knowledge about affective disorders, level of personal distress, attitudes about the illness, and dyadic adjustment. In addition, both patients and family members were asked to rate their satisfaction with the group experience. A number of differences in knowledge, attitude and dyadic adjustment were found in the participants of both groups immediately following their respective group sessions, but there were only a few statistically significant differences between the two groups. Those who attended the psychoeducational session, however, reported significantly more satisfaction with the experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Regulation of steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells in culture: effect of human chorionic gonadotropin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the synthesis of cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 and adrenodoxin.

Rat Leydig cells in primary culture were used as a model system to investigate the effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Bt2cAMP) on the synthesis of cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (cytochrome P-450scc) and the iron-sulfur protein, adrenodoxin. Leydig cells isolated from the testes of mature rats were placed in monolayer culture in the absence of stimulatory factors for 8 days. HCG (10 mIU/ml) or Bt2cAMP (1 mM) were then added to some of the cultures and the incubations were continued for up to 48 h. Testosterone production was increased markedly in cells incubated with hCG or Bt2cAMP. A significant accumulation of pregnenolone in the medium of cells treated with Bt2cAMP was also observed. Both hCG and Bt2cAMP increased the rates of synthesis of cytochrome P-450scc and adrenodoxin. In hCG-treated cells the apparent rate of synthesis of cytochrome P-450scc was increased 13-fold over that of controls after 48 h of incubation; the rate of adrenodoxin synthesis was increased 4-fold by hCG treatment. In Bt2cAMP-treated cells the rate of synthesis of cytochrome P-450scc was 37-fold greater than that of control cells after 48 h of incubation; adrenodoxin synthesis was increased 36-fold over controls. In hCG- and Bt2cAMP-treated cells, the concentration of immunoreactive cytochrome P-450scc and adrenodoxin increased with increasing time of incubation, and were correlated with the stimulatory effects of these agents on cytochrome P-450scc activity and on total steroid production. The results of this study are indicative that the maintenance by LH/hCG of elevated levels of testosterone synthesis by the Leydig cell is mediated, in part, by induction of the synthesis of cytochrome P-450scc and its associated protein, adrenodoxin. Since Bt2cAMP had effects similar to those observed with hCG, it is suggested that the stimulatory effects of hCG on the synthesis of cytochrome P-450scc and adrenodoxin are mediated by increased cyclic AMP formation.

Adrenodoxin↗
PubMed1985

The EEG of the early premature.

EEGs were taken of 33 premature babies of 27-32 weeks of conceptional age who were considered normal for their conceptional age by clinical criteria. The EEGs were divided into epochs of 1 min each and their characteristics of temporal and spatial organization as well as amount and distribution of special patterns were coded and analyzed. The records were mostly discontinuous, with synchronous and symmetric bursts. There was much rhythmic activity in all frequencies and some patterns were consistently asymmetric. At least one pattern, the sawtooth, seems to be characteristic of this early conceptional age. Follow-up EEGs and clinical examinations were done on 17 children at 6-8 months of age post term. Three more died before 6 months and on one a telephone report was obtained from the mother. The characteristics of the neonatal EEGs were compared with those published on smaller groups of early prematures and those on later premature babies.

Brain↗
PubMed1984

Photic driving in the early premature infant.

Thirty-two infants born at gestational ages of 27-32 weeks were subjected to isolated flashes and intermittent photic stimulation. Their gestational age (GA) was assessed by maternal dates, physical examination and, when possible, examination of lens vasculature. The babies were selected for being of less than 33 weeks GA and being normal for GA on examination. Responses to isolated flashes were present in 63% and photic driving at 2-10 f/sec was present in 66% of the babies. Apparent discrepancies of these findings with previous reports about photic driving in prematures are discussed.

Electroencephalography↗
PubMed1984

Expressed emotion and social networks of parents of schizophrenic patients.

This study considered the relationship between the personal networks of parents of schizophrenic patients and ratings of their level of expressed emotion towards the patient. Our initial hypothesis was that parents with high expressed emotion would be more isolated from an effective social support system. We found that the size of parental networks did correlate with the length of the patient's illness, with smaller networks associated with longer illnesses. There was no connection between overall ratings of parental expressed emotion and the size or quality of their social networks. However, the raw score of one component of expressed emotion, emotional over-involvement, did correlate with several network variables, indicating that parents who are over-involved with the patient are also more involved with their networks rather than being isolated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Hypothesis revisited: cystic fibrosis: a disturbance of water and electrolyte movement in exocrine secretory tissue associated with altered prostaglandin (PGE2) metabolism?

An earlier hypothesis based on the results of pancreatic studies in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients without steatorrhoea suggesting that the basic defect was related to an abnormality in control of electrolyte movement, particularly the bicarbonate ion, and water in exocrine secretory tissue is reviewed in light of recent advances in knowledge of secretory mechanisms. Evidence for defective bicarbonate-chloride exchange in a variety of CF exocrine tissues other than the pancreas is cited. Recent recognition of the close relationship between bicarbonate and mucus secretion and their stimulation by prostaglandin E2 is discussed. Consideration is given to the possibility of altered metabolism of PGE2 because of abnormal handling of essential fatty acids in CF, and an attempt is made to relate such a defect to the recent confirmation of oligosaccharide side chain differences such as an increased fucose-sialic acid ratio in CF gastrointestinal mucus and other glycoproteins. It is suggested that membrane permeability to chloride, bicarbonate-chloride exchange, and movement of water through extra- and intracellular exocrine tissues depends on modifications of the carbohydrate structure of glycoproteins during secretion and that these changes are stimulated by coordination of cell messengers PGE2, calcium, and cyclic AMP. Disturbed PGE2 metabolism in CF could inhibit these changes rendering resulting secretions dry, concentrated, and readily able to block ducts or tubes.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1983

Levels of social organization and male-female bonding in the genus Papio.

Pair-bonding in the genus Papio seems to be the result of fusion of troops as well as fission. When troop segments regularly split and join again, males who permanently maintain exclusive access to a few females may have an advantage over males who compete for all females who are in estrus. When two or more troops regularly fuse, this advantage may be greatly increased.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Determination of myosin light chain phosphorylation using astronomical image analysis programs on autoradiographs of electrophoretic gels.

Computer image analysis programs developed by astronomers for celestial photometry were used for the analysis of autoradiographs of electrophoretic slab gels. Oxytocin-stimulated myosin light chain phosphorylation in mammary myoepithelial cells was studied by incubating cells with [32P]orthophosphate followed by oxytocin addition, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cellular protein, and autoradiography of electrophoretic slab gels. After scanning and digitization of autoradiographs, [32P]phosphate incorporation into the myosin light chain was measured by the determination of radiation flux recorded on the X-ray film. Within seconds after oxytocin addition, the myosin light chain was fully phosphorylated. The large library of astronomical computer programs has applications for the quantitative analysis of both one- and two-dimensional electrophoretic gels.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1982

Adrenodoxin biosynthesis by bovine adrenal cells in monolayer culture. Induction by adrenocorticotropin.

The long term effect of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) on the synthesis of adrenodoxin in bovine adrenocortical cells was investigated. Primary, confluent monolayer cultures of adult bovine adrenocortical cells were incubated in the presence or absence of ACTH (10(-6) M) for periods up to 72 h. The amount of adrenodoxin precursor synthesized in a cell-free translation system programmed with RNA isolated from ACTH-treated cells increased to approximately 3 times the control level by 36 h. Similarly, ACTH increased the rate of incorporation of [35S]methionine into mature adrenodoxin in radiolabeled adrenocortical cells, an effect that was maximal 36 h after initiation of ACTH treatment. At longer times (48-72 h), the stimulatory effect of ACTH was not maintained, and adrenodoxin synthesis in both radiolabeled cells and cell-free translation systems declined to control levels. The content of adrenodoxin in cells treated with ACTH for 36 h, as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, was approximately twice that in control cells. The results indicate that ACTH induces the synthesis of adrenodoxin in bovine adrenocortical cells. Based on the present results as well as those previously reported with respect to the induction of cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 by ACTH (DuBois, R. N., Simpson, E. R., Kramer, R. E., and Waterman, M. R. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 7000-7005), it is proposed that the synthesis of the mitochondrial components of the adrenocortical steroid hydroxylase system is controlled by ACTH in a coordinate fashion.

Adrenal Cortex↗