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Biomedical subjects

C L Williams

Publications and source records attributed to C L Williams.

260 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Intensive chemotherapy of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma.

Thirty-two patients (27, extensive disease; five, regional disease) with histologically documented small cell carcinoma entered a randomized study to determine the efficacy of intensive induction chemotherapy. The necessity of a protected environment (laminar air flow room) during this treatment was also evaluated. Patients received high-dose or standard-dose cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and CCNU (CMC) during the first 6 weeks of treatment. Subsequent maintenance therapy consisted of standard-dose CMC until disease progression. In 23 patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy there were responses in 96% (30% complete). Standard-dose chemotherapy gave responses in 45%, none of which were complete. Median survival correlated with completeness of response and was 16+ months for the seven complete responders. Patients receiving high-dose CMC spent an average of 10 days with neutrophil counts less than 1000/mm3. There was only one documented, non-fatal infection. High-dose chemotherapy gives better responses and longer survival than previously utilized standard doses of the same drugs. Patients could safely be treated in the hospital ward.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrition intervention and health risk reduction in childhood: creating healthy adults.

Reducing health risk factors in childhood is a critical component of well-child pediatric care. Risks to eventual adult health status must be considered with equal importance as risks to the child's immediate health. Heart disease, cancer and stroke risk begins in childhood, when risk factors, especially obesity and positive family history, may easily be identified. Obese children (and those at high risk of obesity based on parental obesity) constitute a special group of children for whom chronic disease risk factor evaluation is of particular importance. This is based on observations that cardiovascular risk factors tend to aggregate among obese children (similar to adults), particularly with respect to elevated blood pressure, elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides, and decreased cardiovascular response to exercise. In addition, many obese adolescents adopt cigarette smoking with the notion that it may aid weight reduction, thereby compounding their risk status. Risk reduction in childhood can be successfully approached both through school-based programs incorporating risk evaluation with health education curricula, or by relatively simple office- or clinic-based procedures designed to evaluate and track risk status over time. Such practices, though not currently prevalent, are increasingly being incorporated into routine pediatric care, especially following the American Association of Pediatrics Nutrition Committee's recommendations with respect to children with positive family histories for early coronary events.

Anthropometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disposition of tirilazad (U74006F), a 21-aminosteroid, in the plasma, heart, brain, and liver of the rat.

Tirilazad mesylate (Freedox, Upjohn) is the first agent of a new class of compounds called lazaroids currently under clinical investigation for its potential beneficial effects following neurotrauma. Tirilazad's therapeutic effect is due to its ability to inhibit iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. This study was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats to determine the basic pharmacokinetics and distribution of tirilazad into the brain, heart, and liver. Rats (N = 50) were killed in groups of five at 0, 10, 20, and 40 min, and at 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hr after intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg of tirilazad mesylate. Tirilazad was assayed in plasma, heart, liver, and brain tissue by HPLC. Using the mean concentrations at each time point, pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using standard noncompartmental techniques and statistical moment theory. Tirilazad was rapidly eliminated from the plasma with a half-life of 2.4 hr and clearance of 6.1 ml/min. The volume of distribution at steady-state was large, 4.8 liters/kg. The concentrations of tirilazad were highest in the liver and heart and lowest in the plasma and brain. Elimination from tissues paralleled elimination from plasma with half-lives of 1.9, 1.6, and 1.5 hr in the brain, heart, and liver, respectively. Tirilazad appears to be a highly extracted, hepatically eliminated drug, suggesting its clearance is dependent on liver blood flow, and alterations in plasma protein binding are unlikely to affect its clearance but may affect the fraction unbound.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Where and how adolescents obtain alcoholic beverages.

Patterns of acquisition of alcoholic beverages by underage youth were studied, using focus group methods with a sample of midwestern youth. Results showed that the alcohol initially used by those in their early teens is obtained from parents' stocks or from older siblings and friends. By the midteens, parties at which alcohol (usually beer) is readily available become the major source. In the mid to late teens, young people purchase alcohol from commercial alcohol outlets, despite the fact that 21 is the legal age for purchasing alcohol. Factors reported to increase the rate of successful alcohol purchases include female buyer, male seller, young seller, and convenience store outlet. Results of focus group interviews revealed the easy accessibility of alcoholic beverages to underage youth. Further investigation into patterns of underage access to alcohol is recommended, with results from the focus group study guiding the design of probability sample studies to assess their generalizability.

Adolescent↗