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Biomedical subjects

C L Kleinke

Publications and source records attributed to C L Kleinke.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Responsibility attributions for men and women giving sane versus crazy explanations for good and bad deeds.

We conducted two studies in which participants evaluated men and women who committed good or bad deeds and afterward gave crazy or sane explanations for their actions. In line with arguments of Thomas Szasz, people were evaluated as more mentally ill, having less intent, and taking little responsibility when they committed deeds that were bad rather than good; those giving crazy explanations for their actions were similarly judged. However, recommended prison sentences did not differ for people who gave crazy or sane explanations for their crimes. Data were integrated into a growing body of research investigating evaluations of criminal responsibility for people with psychological disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of a rapist as a function of expressed intent and remorse.

Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of expressed versus denied intent and remorse on evaluation of a rapist. In both studies, the rapist was evaluated more negatively and was assigned a longer prison sentence when expressing rather than denying intent. The rapist received more favorable evaluations when expressing rather than denying remorse. Manipulation of the rapist's expressed remorse did not significantly affect the recommended prison sentence. However, the recommended prison sentence did correlate significantly with participants' perceptions of the rapist's remorse. A multiple regression analysis indicated that recommended prison sentence could be best predicted by attributions of cause, intent, and remorse. The results were related to a growing body of research on accounting strategies, responsibility, and excuse making.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Prompting bar patrons with signs to take free condoms.

This study was designed to determine whether signs would prompt bar patrons to avail themselves of free condoms. The intervention at three "gay bars" involved placing a large sign directly above a container of free condoms; the sign gave statistics for the number of people who have died from AIDS in the state and pointed out that condoms can reduce the spread of AIDS. Additional signs placed in the restrooms gave information about safe sex practices and reminded patrons that free condoms could be obtained at a given location in the bar. An ABAB design was used, with a 2-week baseline, 2-week treatment with signs present, 2-week reversal with no signs, and 2-week reinstatement of treatment with signs present. For all three bars combined, 748 condoms were taken with signs present and 510 condoms were taken with signs absent. Overall, when signs were present, the number of condoms taken increased by 47%.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

The Depression Coping Questionnaire.

Factor analysis of the Depression Coping Questionnaire (DCQ; Kleinke, Staneski, & Mason, 1982) identified 11 coping responses: Social support, problem solving, self-blame/escape, aggression, indulgence, activities, medication, stimulation, eating, TV, and ignoring. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the DCQ contributed significant variance in predicting Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores of men (R = .705) and women (R = .568) from three population samples. Both men's and women's BDI scores were correlated positively with age, self-blame/escape, medication, and TV and correlated negatively with social support, problem solving, and indulgence. Four significant functions were identified in a discriminant analysis that compared nine groups made up of schizophrenic male veterans, depressed and nondepressed male and female college students, and depressed and nondepressed male and female chronic pain patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Psychometric analysis of the audiovisual taxonomy for assessing pain behavior in chronic back-pain patients.

Sixty chronic back-pain patients were administered the audiovisual taxonomy of pain behavior during their first and last weeks in an inpatient multidisciplinary pain clinic. Audiovisual total score provided a useful index of pain behavior with a suitable frequency and reliability, while offering unique variance as a measure of treatment outcome. Patients' pain behaviors upon admission to the pain program were positively correlated with the following background variables: receiving worker's compensation, pounds overweight, and number of back surgeries. Patients' pain behaviors upon completion of the pain program were significantly correlated with their preferences for pain treatment modalities. High levels of pain behavior correlated with a preference for treatments of ice and heat. Low levels of pain behavior correlated with a preference for physical therapy, social work, lectures, and relaxation. It was suggested that treatment outcome in a multidisciplinary pain clinic is more immediately related to patients' coping styles and their choice of pain treatment modalities than to their demographics and personalities.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Differences between alcoholic couples accepting and rejecting an offer of outpatient marital therapy.

Following an extensive initial evaluation, 35 couples with alcoholic husbands decided to participate in couples therapy (acceptors) and 28 couples did not (rejectors). A significant discriminant function indicated that acceptors were characterized by husbands with more education, better marital adjustment, full-time employment, and larger number of alcohol-related arrests. Acceptors also had sought more outpatient help in the past year. Rejectors were characterized by wives with better marital adjustment, greater living distance from clinic, and husbands with more alcohol-related hospitalizations. Rejector husbands also tended to be older. Practical implications for recruiting alcoholics and spouses into marital therapy are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Comparing depression-coping strategies of schizophrenic men and depressed and nondepressed college students.

Identified three significant functions by a discriminant analysis that compared depression coping strategies reported by schizophrenic men (N = 43) and depressed and nondepressed college men (N = 200) and women (N = 200). Function 1 was characterized by cigarette smoking and use of tranquilizers and little physical activity. This function appeared to follow a continuum of "pathology" with highest endorsement by schizophrenic men and lowest endorsement by nondepressed college men and women. Function 2 was identified as a sex-role dimension characterized by high levels of crying, self-confrontation, and creative activity reported by depressed and nondepressed college women and exceptionally low amounts of these behaviors reported by schizophrenic men. Function 3 was associated with self-blame, which appeared to be particularly characteristic of depressed college students. The effectiveness of depression coping strategies reported by schizophrenic men was assessed with a multiple regression analysis that used schizophrenic men's coping strategies to predict their depression scores. It was concluded that schizophrenic men can benefit most in reducing their depression from therapy that involves them socially in creative and physical activities.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

Evaluation of an interviewer as a function of interviewer gaze, reinforcement of subject gaze, and interviewer attractiveness.

Male subjects were interviewed by female interviewers who gazed constantly, intermittently, or not at all. Experimental subjects were reinforced with green light feedback whenever they gazed at the interviewers and were punished with red light feedback when they averted gaze for more than 6 seconds. Control subjects received noncontingent green and red light feedback. Although gaze of experimental subjects toward the interviewers was increased significantly, their attitudes toward the interviewers remained the same. This was probably because the subjects did not discriminate that their gazing behavior had changed. Subjects gave the most unfavorable reactions to the nongazing interviewers, rating them as least attractive, giving them the shortest answers, and sitting farthest from them during the debriefing session. Subjects did not discriminate between high and low attractive interviewers, except that the latter were rated disproportionately low on attentiveness if they did not gaze. Interviewers with high rates of talking were preferred over interviewers with low rates of talking. It was concluded that interpersonal attraction is related to gaze and physical attractiveness through a number of mediating variables which will have to be isolated more specifically in future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual adjustment of male alcoholics: changes from before to after receiving alcoholism counseling with and without marital therapy.

Married male alcoholics (N = 36), who had recently begun individual outpatient alcoholism counseling, were randomly assigned to a no-marital-treatment control group or to 10 weekly sessions of either a behavioral marital therapy (BMT) or an interactional couples therapy group. Impotence decreased from before to after counseling irrespective of whether the alcoholic patients received additional marital therapy. Husbands who received BMT reported increased frequency of wives' orgasm during intercourse and greater increases in satisfaction with the privacy and context of their sexual activities than did couples in the other two treatment groups. These findings support a biopsychosocial formulation of alcoholics' sexual problems that implicates the physical effects of acute and chronic alcohol intake as most relevant to the elevated rates of impotence and marital conflict as a major contributing factor to most sexual problems of alcoholics. The improvement observed in sexual adjustment was rather limited. Despite the improvements in impotence, the alcoholics still experienced over twice the rate of impotence reported by demographically similar nonalcoholics. In terms of sexual satisfaction, BMT produced only modest gains as viewed by husbands and no gains from the wives' perspective. Perhaps sexual adjustment is one of the last areas of the alcoholic's marriage to improve after treatment. The limited time frame of the present study may have precluded observing further improvements in sexual adjustment that would emerge later after a longer period of recovery.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A Sexual Adjustment Questionnaire for use in therapy and research with alcoholics and their spouses.

Despite evidence of extensive sexual problems among alcoholics, sexual adjustment is an area of alcoholics' behavior that often has been neglected in both treatment and research. To facilitate work on alcoholics' sexual adjustment, we needed a self-report questionnaire on sexual behavior that we could use in our couples treatment program with alcoholics and in our longitudinal research on the course of alcoholics' sexual problems over time. Pilot work found that available sexual adjustment measures were either too long or too sexually explicit to be useful. This paper describes the 38-item Sexual Adjustment Questionnaire we developed by combining selected items from two existing measures. Factor analysis reduced the questionnaire to the 15 measures of sexual satisfaction and sexual dysfunction described herein. Preliminary normative data and evidence of construct validity, potential clinical and research uses of the questionnaire, and suggestions for future studies are described.

Adult↗