[Tick-borne encephalitis in the horse].
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
C Kunz
Publications and source records attributed to C Kunz.
[Efficacy of Vaccination Against Tick-Borne Encephalitis].
Since 1973 blood samples have been investigated at random for the presence of antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in persons vaccinated with the Austrian TBE vaccine. The immunization schedule was to doses given 1 to 3 months apart and a third dose injected 9 to 12 months later. This resulted in a seroconversion rate of 96% (n=444) in the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and of 99% in the ELISA. The vaccine also induced high titres of complement-fixing anti-bodies. Antibody formation did not depend significantly on the age of the vaccinees. After three years, 66% (n=321) of those vaccinated still possessed antibodies in the HI test and 87% in the ELISA. Moreover, antibodies were still found in the sera of some persons at the end of the observation period (i.e. 6 years). Persons who had become seronegative still responded positively to a booster dose of vaccine. In a large number of persons it was evident that the intervals between injection of the single doses of vaccine can be extended considerably without jeopardizing the success of vaccination. The protection rate is larger than 99%.
Encephalitis, Tick-Borne↗
[Hepatitis A: antibody conversion under gamma globulin (author's transl)].
55 soldiers of the Austrian UNO contingent to the Near East, stationed on the Golan Heights for 6 months were examined before and after their period of duty for hepatitis A antibodies and the liver specific enzymes GOT, GTP and gamma-GT were determined. All received prophylactic gamma globulin to prevent infectious hepatitis at a dosage of 0.05 ml/kg body weight before flying out and after three months. No cases of hepatitis occurred, but 4 sero-negative subjects displayed antibody conversion. No concomitant changes in the liver enzyme values were recorded, however. These findings are discussed.
Adult↗
Studies in man with cold-recombinant influenza virus (H1N1) live vaccines.
Two cold-recombinant influenza A (H1N1) viruses were tested in several groups of human volunteers. Only minor clinical symptoms were seen and no febrile reactions occurred. With serologically primed individuals virus shedding was low, but a high proportion showed rises in serum antibody levels after vaccination and mean titres were high. With serologically unprimed volunteers shedding was high, about 75% yielding viruses but only at low titres and for a short duration. No revertant viruses were found and there was no evidence of transmission to potentially susceptible individuals housed in close contact to the vaccinees. Serum antibody responses with unprimed volunteers were, however, low. Only about one half showed increases in serum antibody titres after vaccination and mean titres were low. Nevertheless, challenge with live attenuated virus indicated a high degree of protection based on virological evidence of infection.
Adult↗
Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a highly purified vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis.
Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a vaccine containing inactivated tick-borne encephalitis virus prepared by continuous flow zonal ultracentrifugation were compared with those of a previously used, less purified vaccine. Antibody response as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was 93% after two vaccinations and 100% after a third dose. The zonally purified vaccine impressively reduced the incidence of side reactions. Pyrexia (greater than 37.3 degrees C) was recorded in only 4--10% of the vaccinees almost exclusively after first vaccinations compared to 17--68% with the old type of vaccine. When these results are evaluated according to criteria commonly used in the United States (ie, pyrexia greater than 100 degrees F = 37.8 degrees C), almost no fewer would be recorded. The frequency of systemic side reactions was even lower (statistically significant) after second and third vaccination. This highly purified vaccine therefore represents an effective and well-tolerated means for the immunoprophylaxis of TBE.
Adolescent↗
Preparation of a highly purified vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis by continuous flow zonal ultracentrifugation.
By the use of continuous-flow zonal ultracentrifugation, a highly purified, inactivated tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus vaccine was prepared tht contained almost exclusively TBE virus particles. The purity of this preparation was 90- to 100-fold higher than that of a previously used partially purified vaccine. A mean protein content of 3-5 microgram/ml in the final vaccine represents 20 mouse protective doses50 in a mouse challenge potency test. This high degree of purity resulted in a strong reduction of side reactions observed with the less purified vaccine.
Animals↗
Studies with a cold-recombinant A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) virus. II. Evaluation in adult volunteers.
A cold-recombinant influenza A virus, CR 22, derived from A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) cold-adapted virus and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) wild-type virus, was tested in adult volunteers. CR 22 induced only low-grade clinical reactions in volunteers who had low titers of serum antibodies. Virus could be reisolated from about one-third of the volunteers, but only at low titers. No revertant viruses were found, and there was no evidence for transmission of virus to unvaccinated volunteers housed in the close contact with the vaccinees. A high proportion of the volunteers seroconverted, and the mean titers of serum antibody after immunization suggest that a high degree of protection is induced by vaccination with liver CR 22 virus.
Animals↗
Chemical crosslinking of tick-borne encephalitis virus and its subunits.
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus was crosslinked by dimethylsuberimidate (DMS) and the cleavable dimetyl 3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP). Analysis by SDS-PAGE revealed polymers of the virus core protein V2 and the glyco protein V3 in continuously decreasing amounts. The formation of higher order complexes was not favoured over the formation of lower order complexes. This is consistent with an even distribution of V3 molecules on the surface of the virion and of V2 in the core. The formation of polymers was completely abolished by SDS, whereas crosslinking of TBE virus disrupted with a large excess of mild detergents (Triton X-100, octylglucoside, Na-deoxycholate) still yielded V3 dimers but only negligible amounts of higher polymers. This indicates that in the presence of these detergents the basic subunit of the TBE virus envelope is composed of two V3 molecules, probably associated with V1. Using two-dimensional PAGE analysis of DTBP crosslinked complete virions or cores, no heterocomplexes between different virus proteins could be found which were small enough to penetrate a 5% gel. Crosslinking between V3 molecules only and V2 molecules only was therefore highly favoured over other reactions.
Cross-Linking Reagents↗
Formation of polymeric glycoprotein complexes from a flavivirus: tick-borne encephalitis virus.
Treatment of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus with Triton X-100 (TX-100), octylglucoside (OG) or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) caused dissociation of the virus envelope into dimers or monomers of the glycoprotein V3. By centrifugation into detergent-free sucrose density gradients, these subunits were found to reassociate and to form haemagglutinating homogeneous glycoprotein complexes sedimenting at 15 to 16, 16 to 18 and 11 to 23S after TX-100, OG and CTAB treatment, respectively. Glycoprotein complexes obtained after TX-100 solubilization contained less than 1% lipid and detergent by weight.
Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
Isolation of dimeric glycoprotein subunits from tick-borne encephalitis virus.
Crosslinking of tick-borne encephalitis virus with dimethylsuberimidate followed by SDS-PAGE analysis yielded polymers of the core protein V2 and the viral glycoprotein V3, both in continuously decreasing amounts. As the two structural entities of flaviviruses - cores and viral envelope - are apparently crosslinked independently from one another, we employed this property to study the action of different detergents at various concentrations on either the viral envelope or core. Triton X-100 and octylglucoside had no influence on the core but did dissociate the envelope into a V3-dimer. Centrifugation in density gradients containing these detergents yielded a 5-6S lipid-free hemagglutinating subunit which most probably represents a V3-dimer. In the presence of Triton X-100 this complex contains V1 in addition to V3.
Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
Replication of TBE and Langat viruses in cells from immune individuals.
The replication of TBE virus and Langat virus in cells of immune and non-immune individuals was compared in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated and non-PHA-stimulated cultures and also following infection with low and high infection multiplicity. Following infection of spleen cells from Langat-immune mice with Langat virus having a high infection multiplicity, higher virus replication rates than in non-immune cells were found to be present. Replication of Langat virus was generally superior to that of TBE virus. Virus replication was generally reduced by PHA stimulation of spleen cells. Langat virus did not replicate in human peripheral leukocytes. TBE virus replicated equally well in cells from a patient with TBE history and in cells from a non-immune person.
Animals↗
[The incidence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus in people from Vienna and certain Austrian provinces (author's transl)].
The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus was measured by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in sera of 651 persons from Vienna, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Carinthia and Burgenland. On subdivision of the subjects according to age groups, a curve resulted which showed a steep rise in persons between 20 and 40 years. In the age groups over 40 more than 80% of the test-persons possessed the specific antibody. In all age groups the population of Vienna showed a higher incidence of hepatitis A antibody than the people from rural areas.
Adolescent↗
Immunoglobulins to tick-borne encephalitis in the cerebrospinal fluid of man.
Antibodies of IgM and IgG type were detected in the CSF of patients with recent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) by means of ELISA. No false-positive results were obtained with CSF specimens from patients suffering from meningitis or other illnesses. The ratio of the antibodies in serum to CSF clearly indicated that both IgM and IgG antibodies were produced in the brain itself. In patients who had previously suffered from TBE now with a different inaseptic meningitis, TBE antibodies could also be detected in CSF but only of the IgG class. Again the serum-to-CSF antibody ratio indicated that the antibodies were produced within the central nervous system. For routine diagnosis the micro-ELISA method was found to be useful; antigen-coated plates can be stored as long as three months at +4 degrees C.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Protease treatment and chemical crosslinking of a flavivirus: tick borne encephalitis virus.
Tick-borne encephalitis virus was treated with pronase or thermolysin. The resulting particles were banded in sucrose gradients and analyzed for polypeptide composition. Both enzymes caused a reduction in particle density from 1.19 to 1.15--1.16 g/cm3. No loss of viral lipid or nucleic acid could be observed. SDS-polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis showed that only the core protein V2 was unchanged whereas the envelope proteins V3 and V1 had disappeared from their original positions in the PAGE profile. Instead a new peptide(s) with molecular weight of 4000--6000 was found in which hydrophobic amino-acids were enriched. Crosslinking by dimethyl-3.3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP) made the virus resistent to solubilization of the envelope proteins by TX-100. This could be interpreted by the formation of a dense envelope protein network around the nucleocapsid preventing its liberation by TX-100. Some data however indicate that direct crosslinking of at least one of the envelope proteins with the core cannot be excluded.
Cross-Linking Reagents↗
Dissociation of tick-borne encephalitis virus by Triton X-100 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.
The uses of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 (TX-100) and the cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for the production of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus subunits were compared. TX-100 splitted the virus into haemagglutinating envelope components which contain the virion proteins V3 and V1 and into a lipid-free nucleoprotein composed of RNA and V2. The lipid content of the released envelope fragments decreased with increasing detergent concentration. By the use of CTAB, the viral glycoprotein V3 could be prepared in electrophoretically pure and active, i.e. haemagglutinating form.
Cetrimonium Compounds↗
[Serumconcentrations of non esterified fatty acids during operative stress and blockade of betaadrenergic receptors (author's transl)].
Every stress reaction leads to an increased, hormonelly induced mobilisation of fatty acids, the extent of which may be considered as a parameter of the aggression mechanism. In 15 patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia, who were operated under neurolepthypalgesia, the problem of quantitative alterations of the concentration pattern of fatty acids was investigated during the operation. In contrast to some reports of the literature, the increase of the concentration of total fatty acids was due to corresponding increases of all individual fatty acids. By preoperative administration of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent Pindolol the increase of fatty acids was reduced without a qualitative shifting of individual fatty acids.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
[Live influenza vaccination of military personnel (author's transl)].
A field study was performed on 118 members of army personnel with the intranasally-applied live influenza vaccine, RIT 4050. 91 subjects were revaccinated 7 days thereafter. The immune response was best in subjects with a low prevaccination titre and was better in subjects vaccinated twice than only once. An immune response was also detected in the nasal secretion measuring the secretory IgA antibodies. Live influenza vaccine can be regarded as a suitable alternative to other influenza vaccines, with the qualification that it lacks an influenza B component.
Adult↗
Protection of mice against tick-borne encephalitis by different classes of immunoglobulins.
The protective capacities of IgM and IgG immunoglobulins from fractionated human or mouse sera were investigated in tests with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Mice were resistant to challenge with tick-borne encephalitis virus if previously inoculated with specific immunoglobulins but not nonspecific immunoglobulins. The protective ability of IgM, whether derived from mouse or human sera, was only about 1/40 of that of IgG preparations adjusted to the same haemagglutination inhibition or neutralising titres.
Animals↗