Biomedical subjects

C K Kim

Publications and source records attributed to C K Kim.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Effect of inhaled budesonide on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adolescents with clinical remission of asthma.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Many children with asthma go into long-term clinical remission at adolescence, but bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) persists in some of these subjects. The regular use of inhaled corticosteroids improves BHR in patients with symptomatic asthma. The aim of this study was to determine whether BHR in adolescents with asthma remission could be reduced by prolonged treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study. PATIENTS: Thirty-seven adolescents with BHR and long-term remission of their asthma (neither symptoms nor any medication use during the previous 2 years). INTERVENTION: Subjects received inhaled budesonide (two 200-microg puffs bid; budesonide group, n = 19) or identical placebo (placebo group, n = 18) for 9 months. A separate group of patients with symptomatic asthma (symptomatic group, n = 19), using the same regimen of budesonide, was also studied. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The provocative concentration of methacholine producing a 20% fall in FEV(1) (PC(20)) was measured before and every 3 months during treatment. There was no significant difference among the three groups for the baseline PC(20). In neither the placebo nor the budesonide group did the geometric mean of PC(20) change significantly over the 9-month period. In contrast, a significant increase in PC(20) was noted in the symptomatic group as a result of the budesonide treatment. CONCLUSION: Our data have shown that budesonide inhaled regularly for 9 months did not cause a significant improvement in the BHR of adolescents with long-term asthma remission. This suggests that the mechanism underlying BHR in this clinical setting may be different from that in symptomatic asthma.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2001

Levels of interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia: implication of tendency toward increased immunoglobulin E production.

OBJECTIVE: In connection with the possible relationship between Mycoplasma infection and the onset of asthma, several studies have shown not only a high level of serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) but also the production of IgE specific to Mycoplasma or common allergens during the course of Mycoplasma infection. It has been suggested that the balance of T helper type 1 (TH1)/T helper type 2 (TH2) immune response may regulate the synthesis of IgE. The objective of this study was to investigate the pattern of cytokine response (TH1 or TH2) during an episode of acute lower respiratory tract infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. STUDY DESIGN: Using a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with flexible bronchoscopy procedure, this study determined the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma (TH1), and IL-4 (TH2) in the supernatant of BAL fluid as well as the BAL cellular profiles of patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia (n = 14). These results were compared with those of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia (n = 12) or those of children with no identifiable airway infections (control group: n = 8). RESULTS: The BAL cellular profile in the Mycoplasma pneumonia group was characterized by a high percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes. A significantly increased level of IL-2 was found in both pneumonia groups, compared with the control group. In contrast, the IFN-gamma level was not different for the 3 groups. The level of IL-4 and ratio of IL-4/IFN-gamma were significantly elevated in the Mycoplasma pneumonia group, but not in the pneumococcal pneumonia group, compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS: IL-4 levels and IL-4/IFN-gamma ratios in BAL fluid are significantly higher in patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia than in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia or control participants. The BAL cytokine data suggest a predominant TH2-like cytokine response in Mycoplasma pneumonia, thus representing a favorable condition for IgE production.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗

PubMed2001

Cigarette smoking negatively affects healing response following flap debridement surgery.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present parallel design, controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the treatment outcome following flap debridement surgery (FDS) in cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers. METHODS: After initial therapy, 57 systemically healthy subjects with moderate to advanced periodontitis who presented with one area (at least 3 teeth) where surgery was required were selected. Twenty-eight patients (mean age: 39.6 years, 20 males) were smokers (> or = 10 cigarettes/day); 29 patients (mean age: 43.9 years, 7 males) were non-smokers. Full-mouth plaque (FMP) and bleeding on probing (BOP) scores, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and recession depth (RD) were assessed immediately before and 6 months following surgery. Only sites with presurgery PD > or = 4 mm were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Presurgery FMP and BOP were similar in smokers and non-smokers and significantly decreased postsurgery in both groups. Overall, PD reduction and CAL gain were greater, although not significantly, in non-smokers (2.4 +/- 0.9 mm and 1.6 +/- 0.7 mm, respectively) than in smokers (1.9 +/- 0.7 mm and 1.2 +/- 0.7 mm, respectively). For moderate sites (PD 4 to 6 mm), no significant differences in PD and CAL changes were found between groups. For deep sites (PD > or = 7 mm), PD reduction was 3.0 +/- 1.0 mm in smokers and 4.0 +/- 0.8 mm in non-smokers, and CAL gain amounted to 1.8 +/- 1.1 mm in smokers and 2.8 +/- 1.0 mm in non-smokers (P = 0.0477). In smokers, 16% of deep sites healed to postsurgery PD values < or = 3 mm as compared to 47% in non-smokers (P = 0.0000); 58% of deep sites in smokers showed a CAL gain > or = 2 mm, as compared to 82% in non-smokers (P = 0.0000). CONCLUSIONS: Results of the study indicated that: 1) FDS determined a statistically significant PD reduction and CAL gain in patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis; 2) smokers exhibited a trend towards less favorable healing response following FDS compared to non-smokers, both in terms of PD reduction and CAL gain; and 3) this trend reached clinical and statistical significance at sites with initial deep PD.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 by a novel oral spirochetal species Treponema lecithinolyticum.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal tissue destruction is a characteristic of periodontitis. This can be caused by either bacterial enzymes or host cell-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In order to elucidate the etiologic role of oral spirochetes, we investigated the effects of Treponema lecithinolyticum, a novel saccharolytic species, on MMP-2 activation. METHODS: Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) and periodontal ligament (PDL) cells obtained from healthy human subjects were cultured to confluence in alpha-minimal essential medium (alpha-MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. After serum starvation for a day, the cultures were treated with whole cell sonicates, heat-denatured whole cell sonicates, outer membrane fraction (OMF) or formaldehyde-fixed cells of T. lecithinolyticum. Culture supernatants were collected after incubation for 24 to 48 hours and analyzed for MMP-2 activation by gelatin zymography. Collagenolytic activity was quantitatively measured using human [3H] type IV collagen as a substrate. RESULTS: Treatment of GFs and PDL cells with whole cell sonicates, formaldehyde-fixed whole cells, or the OMF of T. lecithinolyticum resulted in the production of MMP-2 partly in the fully active form with a molecular mass of 62 kDa, whereas non-treated control cultures and cultures treated with a heat-denatured fraction did not show the active form. Cultures exposed to T. lecithinolyticum had higher collagenolytic activity than non-treated cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that T. lecithinolyticum, possibly mediated by proteinaceous cell surface-associated components, may participate in extracellular matrix degradation by activation of MMP-2 during periodontal inflammation.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effects of pretreatment clinical parameters on bioactive glass implantation in intrabony periodontal defects.

BACKGROUND: The various methods for regeneration of periodontal tissue that have been developed can be classified into guided tissue regeneration and bone implantation. Since the implantation materials have shown both deficiencies and merits, dentists have begun exploring the bioactive glass first used in plastic surgery. This paper examines the effectiveness of this new material on periodontal intrabony defects. METHODS: Clinical effects of bioactive glass implantation in intrabony periodontal defects were evaluated 6 months after surgery in 38 intrabony defects from 38 patients with chronic periodontitis. Twenty-one experimental defects received bioactive glass implantation (test group), while 17 control defects were treated with a flap procedure only (control group). The criteria for comparative observation were preoperative and postoperative probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bone probing depth (BPD), and gingival recession. RESULTS: Reductions in PD were observed in both groups (P<0.01). The reduction in PD was significantly greater in the test group when preoperative PD exceeded 7 mm (P<0.01). Improvements in CAL were also observed in both groups (P<0.01), with the test group showing significantly greater gains (P<0.05). In those cases where preoperative CAL was less than 7 mm, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Reduction in BPD was observed in both groups, with the test group showing significantly greater reduction (P <0.01). There was no significant difference in BPD change, however, when preoperative BPD was < or =7 mm. Significantly greater reduction of BPD in the test group was observed when intrabony defect depth was >4 mm (P <0.05). Significant improvements in PD, CAL, and BPD were noted in the test group when the crestal involvement exceeded 100 degrees. Correlation test between various clinical parameters indicated that greater changes in PD and CAL in the test group were observed when preoperative CAL was large (P<0.001), and greater changes in PD (P<0.05), CAL (P<0.01), and BPD (P<0.05) were noted when preoperative BPD was large. Correlation between crestal involvement and CAL change was noted only in the control group (P<0.01). High correlations were observed between PD changes and CAL changes and between CAL changes and BPD changes in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a bone substitute in a flap operation resulted in significantly greater improvements in CAL and BPD over flap operation alone and seemed to have positive effects in postoperative PD, CAL, and BPD in those cases with more severe preoperative CAL and BPD.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in cirrhotic liver: accuracy of ultrasonography in transplant patients.

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of ultrasonography in the detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in patients with liver cirrhosis. Pretransplantation sonograms in 52 patients with liver cirrhosis who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation were evaluated retrospectively. The numbers of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules were assessed in the explanted liver specimens and compared with pretransplantation ultrasonographic results. Eighteen hepatocellular carcinomas in 16 patients and 20 dysplastic nodules in 11 patients were present in the explanted livers. The size of hepatocellular carcinomas ranged from 0.6 to 5.0 cm (mean, 2.1 cm) in diameter, and that of dysplastic nodules ranged from 0.5 to 1.7 cm (mean, 1.0 cm) in diameter. Pretransplantation ultrasonography enabled detection of 6 of 18 hepatocellular carcinoma and 0 of 20 dysplastic nodule lesions; lesion detection sensitivity for hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules was 33% and 0%, respectively. Patient sensitivity and specificity for hepatocellular carcinomas were 38% (6 of 16) and 92% (33 of 36), and those for dysplastic nodules were 0% and 95% (39 of 41), respectively. On the basis of our results, ultrasonography is insensitive for detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Flow cytometric evaluation on the age-dependent changes of testicular DNA contents in rats.

An age-dependent cellular change of DNA contents in the testis of Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated by flow-cytometric method. Testicular cell suspensions at the age of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 26 weeks were prepared and stained with propidium iodide. The relative proportions in the number of mature and immature haploid (1n), diploid (2n), S-phase and tetraploid (4n) cells were calculated. The proportion in the number of mature haploid cells was sharply increased to the age of 10 weeks (about 38%), thereafter increased slightly to the level of 42% at the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of immature haploid cells was dramatically increased to the age of 6 weeks, then maintained at the level of 20 to 30% thereafter. The proportion of diploid cells was 64% at the age of 4 weeks, then decreased gradually through the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of S-phase cells was increased to the age of 4 weeks, then maintained at a plateau level to the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of tetraploid cells were about 26% at the age of 4 weeks, then decreased gradually to the age of 26 weeks. These results suggest that the proportions of testicular cells may depend on the age of the rat and that the flow cytometric method may be useful in the evaluation of the spermatogenic status with regard to accuracy and sensitivity.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effect of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether on the spermatogenesis in pubertal and adult rats.

The effects of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE) on testicular cell populations in pubertal (5 weeks old) and adult (9 weeks old) male rats were investigated by a flow cytometric method. A total of 50 rats (in number, 25 pubertal and 25 adult rats) was divided into 5 experimental groups including 0 (control), 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg EGEE/kg of body weight. The animals were administered by gavage for 4 weeks. In adult rats, the treatment of EGEE at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight decreased significantly the populations of haploid, while it increased those of diploid and tetraploid cells. In pubertal rats, the treatment of EGEE at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight caused only minimal changes in the relative percent of testicular cell types. These results suggest that the effects of EGEE on testicular function in pubertal rats appear to be less pronounced than in adult rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Study on mechanism of multistep hepatotumorigenesis in rat: development of hepatotumorigenesis.

With the aim of establishing bio-indices for the development of multistep hepatotumorigenesis, rats were fed water containing 0.01% diethylnitrosamine (DEN) ad libitum for 13 weeks. This treatment with DEN only made it possible to induce hepatic tumors in 100%. After the DEN administration, several clinical symptoms were observed including minor behavioral changes, brittleness of hair and a decrease in water and food intake. The concentration of total serum protein and albumin in all treated groups was significantly lower than in non-treated controls (P<0.05). Increase of specific enzyme (AST, ALT and GGT) activity (P<0.05), variable tumor size and hepatomegaly of the liver was observed in all rats treated with DEN for 10 weeks. Both hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma were found in the same livers at the same time, and were prominently developed after 12 weeks. In case of carcinoma, some of the livers showed more or less advanced states over the 12-15 weeks period. In the present study, hepatocellular carcinoma was developed by treating DEN in only the drinking water, without any other carcinogens or without partial hepatectomy. These results indicate that DEN is a new carcinogen that acts directly on it the liver, moreover, it might be very useful for investigating hepatotumorigenesis.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed2000

Genetic structure and functional implication of the fcb gene cluster for hydrolytic dechlorination of 4-chlorobenzoate from Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12.

The fcb gene cluster responsible for the hydrolytic dechlorination of 4-chlorobenzoate (4CBA) was cloned from the chromosomal DNA of Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12, and its nucleotide sequence analyzed. The gene cluster was organized in the order fcbB-fcbA-fcbT1-fcbT2-cbT3-fcbC, which is different from that reported in other bacteria. A promoter-like sequence (-35 and -10 region) is located upstream of the fcbB gene and putative ribosome-binding sequences were found upstream of the respective orfs. A stem-loop transcription terminator structure is found downstream of fcbC. This suggests that the six orfs are transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA. The FcbA, FcbB, and FcbC enzymes for dechlorination of 4CBA have a relationship in common with the enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism on the basis of their deduced amino acid sequences. The proteins encoded by fcbT1, fcbT2, and fcbT3 show similarity to those encoded by dctP, dctQ, and dctM of Rhodobacter capsulatus respectively, which encode transporter proteins for C4-dicarboxylate. It is likely, therefore, that these proteins of DJ-12 play a role in transport of 4CBA into the cell.

Biological Transport↗

PubMed2000

Development of omeprazole buccal adhesive tablets with stability enhancement in human saliva.

To develop an omeprazole buccal adhesive tablet, the absorption of omeprazole solutions from human oral cavity was evaluated and the physicochemical properties such as the bioadhesive forces of various omeprazole tablet formulations composed of bioadhesive polymers and alkali materials, and the stability of omeprazole tablets in human saliva were investigated. About 23% of the administered dose was absorbed from the oral cavity at 15 min after the administration of omeprazole solutions (1 mg/15 ml). A mixture of sodium alginate and HPMC was selected as the bioadhesive additive for the omeprazole tablet. Omeprazole tablets prepared with bioadhesive polymers alone had the bioadhesive forces suitable for buccal adhesive tablets, but the stability of omeprazole in human saliva was not satisfied. Among alkali materials, only magnesium oxide could be an alkali stabilizer for omeprazole buccal adhesive tablets due to its strong waterproofing effect. Two tablets composed of [omeprazole/sodium alginate/HPMC/magnesium oxide (20/24/6/50, mg/tab)] and [(20/30/0/50, mg/tab)] were suitable for omeprazole buccal adhesive tablets which could be attached to human cheeks without collapse and could be stabilized in human saliva for at least 4 h. It was concluded that these two formulae were potential candidates for the subject of further study for the development of omeprazole buccal adhesive tablets.

Absorption↗

PubMed2000

Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of xylE gene responsible for meta-cleavage of 4-chlorocatechol from Pseudomonas sp. S-47.

Pseudomonas sp. S-47 expresses catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C230) catalyzing the conversion of 4-chlorocatechol (4CC) as well as catechol to 5-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde and 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde, respectively, through meta-ring cleavage. The xylE gene encoding C230 for meta-cleavage was cloned from strain S-47 and its nucleotide sequence was analyzed. The pRES101 containing the xylE gene exhibited high C230 activity toward catechol and 4CC without altering the substrate specificity from natural strain. The xylE gene was composed of 924 bp and encoded polypeptide of molecular mass 35 kDa containing 307 amino acids. A deduced amino acid sequence of the C230 from strain S-47 exhibited over 80% identity with those of Pseudomonas putida mt-2, Pseudomonas putida G7, and Pseudomonas sp. CF600. However, it shows below 45% identity with those of Pseudomonas cepacia LB400 and Pseudomonas sp. KKS102. The C230 of strain S-47 was conserved in the amino acids (His150, His214, Glu261) for metal binding ligands and those (His199, His242, and Tyr251) for catalytic sites. Therefore, Pseudomonas sp. S-47 can be explained as acting by degrading catechol as well as 4CC by xylE-encoding C230 which was fused by N domain of nahH and C domain of dmpB from other Pseudomonas strains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Cloning and characterization of the UDP-sugar hydrolase gene (ushA) of Enterobacter aerogenes IFO 12010.

A bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP, the phoA gene product) is primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of the substrates 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate-p-toluidine (XP) and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP). Using these substrates and an E. coli phoA mutant, we have cloned Enterobacter aerogenes genes conferring an XP(+) phenotype. Two types of clones were identified based on phenotypic tests and DNA sequences. One of them is a E. aerogenes phoA gene (XP(+), pNPP(+)) as expected; surprisingly the other one was found to be a ushA gene (XP(+), pNPP(-)), which encodes an UDP (uridine 5'-diphosphate)-sugar hydrolase. The E. aerogenes ushA gene shares high sequence identity with ushA of E. coli and the mutationally silent ushA0 gene of Salmonella typhimurium at both the nucleotide (over 79%) and amino acid (over 93%) levels. Expression of the E. aerogenes ushA gene in E. coli produced high level of UDP-sugar hydrolase, as confirmed by TLC (thin layer chromatography) analysis together with a presence of a strong band due to a XP hydrolysis on a polyacrylamide gel.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Primary small cell bronchogenic carcinoma in a 14-year-old boy.

A 14-year-old Korean boy was admitted with cough, hemoptysis, and fever. A chest X-ray showed a solitary pulmonary mass and pneumonitis. Bronchial biopsy by fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed a poorly differentiated small cell carcinoma. All of the staging information indicated that the patient had limited disease. During the 7 months following diagnosis, he received adjuvant chemotherapy in conjunction with radiotherapy. The size of the lesion was reduced by almost 50%. Small cell bronchogenic carcinoma has not been reported previously in childhood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Characterization of the pcbE gene encoding 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate hydratase in Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12.

Nucleotide sequence extending 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase gene (pcbC) and 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase gene (pcbD) of Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12 was previously analyzed and the two genes were present in the order of pcbD-pcbC preceded by a promoter from Pseudomonas sp. DJ-12. In this study, a 3.8-kb nucleotide sequence located downstream of the pcbC gene was analyzed to have three open reading frames (ORFs) that are designated as orf1, pcbE and orf2 genes. All of the ORFs were preceded by each ribosome-binding sequence of 5-GGAXA-3 (X=G or A). However, no promoter-like sequence and transcription terminator sequence were found in the analyzed region, downstream of pcbC gene. Therefore, the gene cluster appeared to be present in the order of pcbD-pcbC-orf1-pcbE-orf2 as an operon, which is unique organization characterized so far in biphenyl- and PCB-degrading bacteria. The orf1 gene was composed of 1,224 base pairs which can encode a polypeptide of molecular weight 44,950 containing 405 amino acid residues. A deduced amino acid sequence of the orf1 gene product exhibited 21-33% identity with those of indole dioxygenase and phenol hydroxylase components. The pcbE gene was composed of 783 base pairs encoding 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate hydratase involved in the 4-chlorobiphenyl catabolism. The orf2 gene was composed of 1,017 base pairs encoding a polypeptide of molecular weight 37,378 containing 338 amino acid residues. A deduced amino acid sequence of the orf2 gene product exhibited 31% identity with that of a nitrilotriacetate monooxygenase component.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Application of dry elixir system to oriental traditional medicine: taste masking of peonjahwan by coated dry elixir.

Peonjahwan, an oriental traditional medicine composed of crude herbal drugs and animal tissues is bitter and poorly water-soluble. To mask the bitterness of peonjahwan and enhance the release of bilirubin, one of the crude active ingredients of peonjahwan, peonja dry elixir (PDE), was prepared using a spray-dryer after extracting the crude materials in ethanol-water solution. Coated peonja dry elixir (CPDE) was then prepared by coating the PDE with Eudragit acrylic resin. Panel assessed bitterness and release test of bilirubin from PDE and CPDE were carried out and compared with peonjahwan alone. PDE was found to have little effect upon the reduction of the bitterness of peonjahwan. However, the bitterness of CPDE was found to reduce to 1/4 of that of peonjahwan due to the encapsulation of crude active ingredients by the dextrin and Eudragit shell (P<0.05). The release rate of bilirubin from PDE and CPDE for 60 min increased about 3.5- and 2.5- fold, respectively, compared to peonjahwan at pH 1.2. It is concluded that CPDE, which masked the bitterness of peonjahwan and enhanced the release of bilirubin, is a preferable delivery system for peonjahwan.

Bilirubin↗

PubMed2000

Induction of stress shock proteins DnaK and GroEL by phenoxyherbicide 2,4-D in Burkholderia sp. YK-2 isolated from rice field.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the induction of stress shock proteins in Burkholderia sp. YK-2 in response to the phenoxyherbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The stress shock proteins, which contribute to the resistance of the cytotoxic effect of 2,4-D, were induced at different 2,4-D concentrations in exponentially growing cultures of Burkholderia sp. YK-2. This response involved the induction of a 43-kDa DnaK and 41-kDa GroEL proteins, characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blot by use of the anti-DnaK and anti-GroEL monoclonal antibodies. The total stress shock proteins were analyzed by 2-D PAGE. Survival of Burkholderia sp. YK-2 with time in the presence of different concentrations of 2,4-D was monitored, and viable counts paralleled the induction of the stress shock proteins in this strain.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗

PubMed2000

Mixed connective tissue disease associated with skin defects of livedoid vasculitis.

A 21-year-old woman who had a 2-year history of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) developed rapidly evolving ulcers consistent with livedoid vasculitis (LV) in all distal extremities. She presented clinically with Raynaud's phenomenon, polyarthritis and swollen hands; serologically with high titres of ANA and anti-nRNP; and immunogenetically with HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR53. Although there was initial success in treatment except for the skin defects over the ankles, the patient died from disseminated intravascular coagulation. We suggest that LV may be a poor prognostic manifestation in MCTD.

Adult↗