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Biomedical subjects

C Johansson

Publications and source records attributed to C Johansson.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Basal concentrations of anabolic and catabolic hormones in relation to endurance exercise after short-term changes in diet.

This study aimed to use a classical model to analyse whether alterations in performance due to short-term changes in diet are reflected in peripheral basal anabolic and catabolic hormone concentrations. Six healthy students (two women and four men) performed a cross-over study including three test situations. The reference test was preceded by each subject's normal unrestricted diet of western type (N). After this, three of the subject's were provided a carbohydrate-rich diet (CHO) for 3 days followed by the second test. Following this test, a carbohydrate deficient, protein/fat rich diet (F) was provided for another 3 days followed by the third test. The remaining three subjects had these diets in reverse order. Basal concentrations of cortisol (C), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), total-testosterone and non-SHBG-bound-testosterone (NST), the NST:C ratio and an ergometer cycle endurance test with measurements of submaximal as well as measurements of maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio (R), free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol and lactate were investigated. All the subjects were involved in athletics for recreation and during the study they performed daily physical exercise according to their normal routine. After the F diet only two of the subjects completed the test. One woman dropped out after 16 min, two men dropped out after 14 min and one after 13 min of cycling. After the CHO diet all six subjects completed the ergometer cycle test. Considering the whole group, there were no significant differences in lactate or glycerol concentrations during the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Breast-feeding seems to play a marginal role in the prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

In order to test the hypothesis that breast-feeding has a protective effect on the development of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) during childhood we retrospectively studied 297 diabetic children age 15 years or less diagnosed 1974-88 at the 5 pediatric departments in the South-East region of Sweden. They were compared to 792 non-diabetic controls of the same age (year of birth), sex and geographical location. Files from the child welfare clinics were reviewed and the families answered questionnaires. Ten percent of the diabetic children and 11% of the control children had never been breast-fed. In the total material no obvious difference was seen regarding duration of breast-feeding between the diabetic children and their healthy controls. Only in the oldest maternal age group (> 35 years of age) control mothers tended to have a longer duration of breast-feeding (P < 0.01). There was also a trend that children with diagnosis of IDDM during winter had been breast-fed for a shorter period (4.1 +/- 3.4 months) than their controls (5.0 +/- 3.5 months, P < 0.09). We conclude, that breast-feeding has very little effect on preventing IDDM in children. If it has any effect, it might be to decrease the risk in certain subgroups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Reproductive factors as predictors of bone density and fractures in women at the age of 70.

The importance of reproductive and other health and social factors as predictors of bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures was investigated in a longitudinal study of 70-year-old women. At 70 years of age there was no correlation between menarcheal age, menopausal age, duration of fertile period and parity and BMD or a history of fractures. Bilateral oophorectomy (mean age at surgery 45.3 +/- 3.6 years) and the duration of tobacco smoking were negatively correlated to BMD at 70 years of age. Tobacco smoking was positively correlated to a history of fractures and body mass index (BMI) was negatively correlated to a history of fractures at 70 years of age. In a stepwise multiple regression model, height, body mass index and a history of hysterectomy were found to have a contributory, positively-correlated independent explanatory value for BMD at 70 years. In a logistic multiple regression analysis, bilateral oophorectomy was the only independent explanatory factor for fractures at 70 years of age. BMD was lower in women who had undergone bilateral oophorectomy compared with controls at 70 years of age. Hysterectomized women without bilateral oophorectomy showed a higher BMD in the right calcaneus at 70 years of age compared with controls. When comparing the reduction in bone mineral density between 70 and 76 years of age, the fifth quintile (women with the highest BMD) at 70 years of age decreased 2.7 times more (P < 0.01) than the first quintile. A longitudinal examination between 70 and 76 years revealed that BMD at the age of 70 was a significant (P < 0.01) predictor for fractures occurring between 70 and 76 years of age.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of coeliac disease in diabetic children and adolescents in Sweden.

The aim of this study was to determine the minimum prevalence of coeliac disease in a group of 459 diabetic children and adolescents. Six patients were already known to have coeliac disease. A total of 436 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus aged 2-21 years and with age at onset at 2 months to 17 years at three paediatric departments agreed to participate in the study. All patients were tested for gliadin IgA antibodies with a commercial kit (Pharmacia Gluten IgA EIA). Later, serum was tested for reticulin IgA/IgG antibodies. Nineteen patients had elevated gliadin IgA levels (> 25 AU). Eighteen underwent jejunal biopsy. Ten had total or subtotal villous atrophy. These 10 patients were reticulin IgA-positive. Of 417 gliadin IgA-negative patients, 408 were reticulin IgA/IgG-negative. Of 6 reticulin IgA-positive patients, 3 had total or subtotal villous atrophy. All 3 had become gliadin IgA-positive at the time of biopsy. Among 3 reticulin IgG-positive patients with IgA deficiency, 2 had total villous atrophy: 1 was not willing to be biopsied. Patients with total or subtotal villous atrophy were judged as having coeliac disease and were recommended a gluten-free diet. Within 2 months, gliadin IgA levels were normal in patients adhering to the diet. Five patients have gone through a second jejunal biopsy to date with normal histology in all 5. The 15 newly diagnosed patients with coeliac disease plus 6 already known patients with coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus gave a minimum prevalence of coeliac disease in diabetic children and adolescents of 21/459 = 4.6%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Cochlear wall titanium implants for auditory nerve stimulation.

Genetically deaf dalmatian dogs and ototoxically deafened macaque monkeys were implanted with electrodes housed in cochlear wall titanium implants to assess long-term stability, tolerance, and performance. Short-term human implantation, followed by trials of stimulation, was performed in 4 unilaterally deaf patients. In the dog experiments, cochlear wall electrode stimulation produced consistent electrophysiologic thresholds that were higher, by approximately 6 dB, than those obtained with bipolar scala tympani stimulation. Clinical testing revealed electrically evoked middle latency response, auditory brain stem response, and/or behavioral detection responses in 3 of 4 patients, at levels below those for facial nerve activation and pain sensation. Electrode place discrimination studies, with controls for loudness cues, revealed near-perfect discrimination in a monkey subject. Eleven of the 12 animal implants were found to be rigidly fixed in the cochlear bone, with direct contract between bone and implant over 8% to 23% of the implant surface for the 6 implants examined in detail. These results suggest that long-term fixation of titanium cochlear wall implants occurs by virtue of intimate implant-bone contact in restricted areas. This approach to prosthetic stimulation demonstrates encouraging performance characteristics in achieving auditory activation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Meal energy density as a determinant of postprandial gastrointestinal adaptation in man.

The relationships between the meal energy density and postprandial gastric emptying, intestinal propulsion and absorption, and pancreaticobiliary secretions were investigated. Nine different 300-ml liquid test meals with energy densities ranging from 2.5 to 7.2 MJ l-1 were studied by means of a multiple-indicator dilution technique. The higher the energy density of the meal, the slower the gastric emptying of the test meal marker (P < 0.01). Despite slowing of gastric emptying of the meal marker the higher the energy density of the meal, the more energy was emptied to the duodenum during the 1st h after meal intake (P < 0.01). The small-intestinal transit time for the mid-portion of the meal correlated positively with energy density of the test meal (P < 0.05). Despite the prolonged time for transit through the jejunal test segment after meals with high energy density, the fractional absorption of energy varied only 50-70%, with no correlation to the energy density of the meal. As a consequence, more energy passed unabsorbed from the test segment to lower parts of the intestine after meals with high energy density (P < 0.05). We conclude that the energy density of a liquid meal is a strong determinant for the subsequent gastrointestinal adaptation. This relates not only to gastric emptying but also to intestinal transit and absorption of nutrients. The early onset of regulation suggests a role for the gastrointestinal tract in modulating the availability of systemic energy, which might be of importance for short-term regulation of food intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Growth-regulatory effects of sensory neuropeptides, epidermal growth factor, insulin, and somatostatin on the non-transformed intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6 and the colon cancer cell line HT 29.

A non-transformed small-intestinal cell line from the rat (IEC-6) and a human colon cancer cell line (HT 29) were examined for their trophic response to sensory neuropeptides. Substance P, neurokinin A (NKA), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and peptide YY (PYY) were tested. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and somatostatin-14 were also used. Interaction studies were performed on IEC-6 cells by combining EGF or insulin with somatostatin-14. The sensory neuropeptides had no effect either on IEC-6 cell growth and DNA synthesis or on HT29 cell growth. EGF and insulin stimulated cell growth and DNA synthesis in IEC-6 cells and cell growth in HT 29 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Somatostatin-14 had no effect either alone or in combination with EGF or insulin on IEC-6 cell growth and DNA synthesis. HT 29 cell growth was inhibited by somatostatin-14 only in the presence of serum with a maximal and significant response at 10(-7) M. Our observations suggest that the sensory neuropeptides do not exert a direct growth-regulatory effect either on IEC-6 cells or on HT 29 cells. Somatostatin, however, inhibits serum-induced HT 29 cell growth but does not interfere directly with the proliferative effect of serum, EGF, or insulin on IEC-6 cells in this model.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of vertebral fractures in 85-year-olds. Radiographic examination of 462 subjects.

Radiographic examinations for the presence of vertebral fracture between Th4-L5 were performed in a random sample of 85-year-old women (n 304) and men (n 158) who participated in a longitudinal population study. A moderate vertebral fracture was defined as an anterior/posterior vertebral height ratio of 0.66 or less. A severe vertebral fracture was defined as a compression of vertebral height of more than 33 percent both at the anterior and posterior edges compared to the posterior edge of the adjacent vertebral body. The prevalence of vertebral fractures was 25 percent in women and 13 percent in men. The ratio between moderate and severe grades of vertebral fracture was 1.5 for women and 2.1 for men. The most common site for vertebral fracture was L1 in women and Th12 in men. Women with vertebral fracture at 85 years of age had more back pain.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Osteoporosis, metabolic aberrations, and increased risk for vertebral fractures after partial gastrectomy.

A case-control study compared 129 men with earlier partial gastrectomy (operation during the period 1952-1961) with 216 men from a community-based population study. All were born 1910-1915 and the mean age was 72 years. Men with a previous partial gastrectomy had vertebral fractures in 19% compared with 4% (P < 0.01) in the control population. Bone mineral density (BMD) in the right calcaneus measured with dual energy photon absorptiometry was 20% lower in men with a Billroth II operation (P < 0.001) and 8% lower with a Billroth I operation (ns). In comparison with the controls, the men subjected to partial gastrectomy had higher serum concentrations of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase activity, a lower serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and a lower body mass index (BMI). There were no difference in serum concentrations of free calcium, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), or free thyroxine. The smoking prevalence was significantly higher in men with partial gastrectomy than in controls. Smokers had significantly lower serum concentrations of intact PTH and 25OHD than nonsmokers and also lower BMD and BMI. The relationships between intact PTH on one hand, and ionized calcium (inverse relationship) and osteocalcin (direct relationship) on the other were preserved in smokers, however. Gastroscopy was performed in 78 men with multiple biopsies in the gastric remnant and also in the small intestine. All but two subjects had chronic gastritis. Examination of sternal bone marrow smears showed that 40% of the Billroth-operated men lacked bone marrow reticular iron.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of a non-Goodpasture autoantibody to type IV collagen.

Goodpasture's syndrome is a very severe and aggressive autoimmune kidney disease. The patients' autoantibodies, which are pathogenic, are restricted to the C-terminal region of the alpha 3-chain of type IV collagen. In this paper we characterize an anti-type IV collagen antibody from a patient with a non-progressive form of glomerulonephritis. ELISA and immunoblotting were used to study the specificity of this patient's antibodies. The patient had high titres of antibodies restricted to the C-terminal region of the alpha 1-chain of type IV collagen. The antibody recognized an epitope hidden in the NC1 molecule which was fully exposed after denaturation or reduction. It was an IgG3 antibody composed of only lambda light chains, indicating that it has a potential to induce inflammatory damage and that it is probably monoclonal. This patient also had MPO-ANCA which were of IgG1 subclass. Our patient had no disease progression during the 5 years of treatment. Even though the anti-alpha 1 (IV) antibodies react with the same domain, but of a different chain of type IV collagen compared to the Goodpasture's antibodies, they do not induce any severe damage. It is thus uncertain if the anti-alpha 1 (IV) antibodies have any pathogenic role; the kidney damage might have been caused by the MPO-ANCA. The findings support the theory that the anti-alpha 3 (IV) antibody causes disease in Goodpasture's syndrome and that antibodies restricted to other subunits of the C-terminal region of type IV collagen are less harmful.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The structural organization of type IV collagen. Identification of three NC1 populations in the glomerular basement membrane.

Type IV collagen, which has long been assumed to contain two alpha 1(IV) and one alpha 2(IV) chains, also contains alpha 3(IV), alpha 4(IV), and alpha 5(IV) chains. Stoichiometry of collagenous alpha(IV) chains differs among tissues, suggesting the existence of subclasses of type IV collagen, each with a unique chain composition. This study seeks to define, by characterization of subunit compositions of NC1 domain populations, the structural organization of type IV collagen from bovine glomerular basement membrane. NC1 hexamers from type IV collagen were separated on two affinity chromatography columns, one containing monoclonal antibodies to the alpha 3 chain, and another, to the alpha 1 chain. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay identified three NC1 hexamer populations: 1) a hexamer composed of (alpha 1)2 and (alpha 2)2 homodimers; 2) a hexamer composed of (alpha 3)2 and (alpha 4)2 homodimers; 3) a hexamer containing all four alpha chains connected in heterodimers, alpha 1-alpha 3 and alpha 2-alpha 4. Results suggest that there are two distinct type IV collagen molecules, one composed of alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains and another composed of alpha 3(IV) and alpha 4(IV) chains. Furthermore, polymerization occurs between molecules with the same chain composition and between molecules with different chain composition. Moreover, crosslinking between different alpha chains is restricted, thus limiting the number of possible macromolecular structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Plasma concentrations of regulatory peptides in obesity following modified sham feeding (MSF) and a liquid test meal.

Plasma concentrations of regulatory peptides were monitored in groups of obese and normal-weight subjects following modified sham feeding and a liquid fatty meal. Following modified sham feeding a significant increase in immunoreactive cholecystokinin (CCK) in plasma was recorded in both groups. In the obese subjects, however, the concentrations following sham feeding were significantly lower than in normal-weight subjects, and the initial part of the response was negative. Basal and modified sham feeding stimulated immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide (PP) concentrations in plasma did not differ between the groups. After the liquid fatty meal plasma CCK concentrations increased similarly in both groups. In contrast immunoreactive neurotensin and somatostatin concentrations following the meal were lower in the obese group, and a changed concentration-time pattern for somatostatin was observed in the obese group. Postprandial concentrations of PP and immunoreactive gastrin were not different in the groups. The results indicate that the plasma concentration patterns of CCK, somatostatin and NT are disarranged in obesity. The changes may promote rapid propulsion and absorption of ingested food, and facilitate deposition of fat in adipose tissue in obesity and thus may be of pathophysiological importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Autoantibodies as serological markers in the diagnosis of glomerulonephritis].

Autoimmunity is now regarded as the unequivocally predominant pathogenic process underlying most forms of primary and secondary glomerulonephritis in humans, and a number of autoantibodies occurring in conjunction with glomerulonephritis have been discovered. However, apart from the anti-NC1 antibodies occurring in classic Goodpasture's syndrome, the exact pathogenic role of these autoantibodies in human glomerulonephritis remains to be established, though this in no way diminishes the importance of their study. They have been of enormous value in subclassifying glomerulonephritis, previously thought to be a homogeneous entity. Autoantibody analysis has become a vital aid in the early diagnosis of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, which in turn has enabled treatment to be started early, thus contributing to a decline in the morbidity and mortality resulting from these disorders. Moreover, investigation of these autoantibodies will be of immense value in future studies focused on the pathogenic mechanisms involved in glomerulonephritis.

Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease↗
PubMed1992

Paradoxical sphincter reaction and associated colorectal disorders.

Of 71 patients with paradoxical sphincter reaction, 54 had symptoms of constipation or outlet obstruction and 17 were incontinent. The patients were investigated with defecography, colon transit time, anorectal manometry and electromyography. Ninety-six percent of the patients had additional changes in anorectal anatomy and physiology; 70% of the patients had abnormal defecography and 42% had delayed colon transit time. Decreased maximal anal pressure (MAP) and maximal squeeze pressure (MSP), indicating impaired function of the anal sphincters might be one reason for incontinence in patients with paradoxical sphincter reaction. The paradoxical reaction occurred in the puborectalis muscle and in three tested sites in the external sphincter. It is sufficient to record the EMG activity in one muscle and at one point to diagnose a paradoxical sphincter reaction. The absence of a normal closing reflex on electromyography is evidence for a paradoxical sphincter reaction. Denervation was more pronounced in the external sphincter than in the puborectalis muscle. The right pudendal nerve was subjected to damage more often than the left nerve.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Association between rectocele and paradoxical sphincter response.

Rectocele as well as paradoxical sphincter reaction may lead to rectal emptying difficulties and outlet obstruction. Forty-one patients with emptying disturbances and rectocele were investigated with defecography, anorectal manometry, colon transit time, and electromyography. Twenty-nine patients (71 percent) had concomitant paradoxical sphincter reaction, and 13 of these also had increased colon transit time. The functional results after surgical treatment of rectocele are not always satisfactory, probably because patients often have several causes for their emptying disturbances. It is emphasized that careful preoperative investigations are important before surgical treatment of rectocele in patients with emptying difficulties.

Adult↗