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Biomedical subjects

C Jarstrand

Publications and source records attributed to C Jarstrand.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by neutrophilic granulocytes in patients with HTLV-III infection.

The NBT reduction of granulocytes was determined in 11 patients with HTLV-III infection. The reaction was measured in granulocytes both in resting state and after stimulation with Escherichia coli, as well as with and without addition of plasma. In 5 patients with AIDS, the NBT reduction was significantly decreased in all these types of experiments, when compared with 12 healthy controls. In 6 patients with the lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS), the NBT reduction of resting granulocytes was significantly higher than that of the controls. The findings could in general not be explained by superinfections. The elevated NBT test during the long term LAS stage reflects a release of free oxygen radicals, against which treatment might be directed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

High-density lipoproteins inhibit the bacterial lipopolysaccharide mediated increase in oxidative metabolism and lysozyme release by neutrophilic granulocytes in vitro.

The effects of purified Salmonella endotoxin (LPS) and of LPS combined with isolated human plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) on oxidative metabolism, measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-test, and on lysozyme release of human granulocytes have been studied in vitro. A considerable increase in the NBT-reduction and in lysozyme release was noted in granulocytes exposed to LPS. The stimulating effect of LPS on NBT-reduction and lysozyme release was significantly diminished when the cells were incubated with LPS together with HDL. These observations suggest that HDL in vivo may play an important part in inhibition of metabolic changes induced in granulocytes by LPS which leads to the production and secretion of tissue damaging mediators.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1986

Serum opsonic activity after pneumococcal vaccination in splenectomized individuals as measured by a nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction micromethod.

19 children who were splenectomized after traumatic rupture and 15 healthy siblings were vaccinated with a 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax). The serum opsonic activity against types 3, 6A, 7F, 14, 19F and 23F was evaluated before the vaccination and after 2 and 12 months by a new micromethod based on nitroblue tetrazolium reduction of granulocytes. Before the vaccination, opsonic activity was found more often in the splenectomized than in the controls, 38 and 29%, respectively. However, patients and controls responded similarly to the vaccine. The serum opsonic activity changed from negative to positive after vaccination in 31% of the splenectomized, as well as the controls. The results indicate that the protection against pneumococcal infection after vaccination may not be adequate against all pneumococcal types in all patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Rabbit lung after inhalation of manganese chloride: a comparison with the effects of chlorides of nickel, cadmium, cobalt, and copper.

Rabbits were exposed to aerosols of MnCl2 (mass median aerodynamic diameter 1 micron) in metal concentrations of 1.1 and 3.9 mg/m3 for 4-6 weeks, 5 days/week, 6 h/day. The effects of alveolar type II cells, phospholipids, alveolar macrophages, and lung structure in general were compared with earlier reported effects of Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Co2+. Except for a significant increase in the diameter of the alveolar macrophages after exposure to the higher Mn2+ concentration, no abnormalities were seen. The results of this and earlier studies indicate that these five metal ions have different, specific effects on the alveolar part of the lung.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Plasma fibronectin is initially decreased during septicemia.

Plasma fibronectin (PFN) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 24 normals and serially in 24 septic patients without underlying major trauma. All patients responded promptly to antibiotic therapy and none developed signs of shock or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). After an initial decrease in PFN registered in most of the septic patients, the levels were normalized within 2 weeks of antibiotic treatment. The mean nadir levels of PFN were decreased (p less than 0.001) both in patients with gram-negative and gram-positive etiologies compared to the control group. Furthermore, the mean PFN value of the gram-positive group was lower (p less than 0.05) than that of the gram-negative group. It is concluded that a transient depletion of PFN is a constant finding in septic patients with a favourable outcome and that a single low PFN level alone does not justify fibronectin replacement therapy nor does it indicate a poor prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Serum triglyceride elevations in patients with septicemia.

Among 239 patients with septicemia or endocarditis 41 (17%) had serum triglyceride levels in excess of 2.2 mmol/l (mean 3.1 mmol/l). This was more common in infectious with gram-negative rods than gram-positive cocci (p less than 0.001). A return to normal levels occurred in 22/37 patients during the course of the infection.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1985

NBT-reduction for detection of specific, opsonizing antibodies against haemophilus parainfluenzae.

Specific, opsonizing antibodies against Haemophilus parainfluenzae were demonstrated in serum by measuring their enhancing effect on the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reduction of normal human granulocytes, phagocytizing the homologous bacteria. Patients with septicemia and/or endocarditis and carriers of H. parainfluenzae were studied. In late phase sera of the first group such antibodies were detected in 6 of 9 cases. Opsonizing antibodies against H. parainfluenzae were not detected in any of the carrier sera. A dose-response effect was observed when a positive late phase serum was tested in serial 2-fold dilutions. The enhancement of the NBT-reduction was eliminated by absorption of serum with homologous antigen. The detection of opsonizing antibodies, essential for the immune defense against H. parainfluenzae might be helpful for evaluation of the pathogenicity of this organism, which so far is considered as a rare causative agent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Treatment of patients with disseminated colorectal cancer with recombinant human alpha 2-interferon. Studies on the immune system.

The influence of recombinant human alpha 2-interferon (alpha 2-IFN) therapy on various aspects of the immune system was studied in 18 patients with disseminated colorectal cancer. The IFN was given as continuous (20 X 10(6) units/m2 three times weekly) or intermittent (50 X 10(6) units/m2 daily for 5 consecutive days every 4 weeks) treatment. Natural killer (NK) cell activity increased during continuous treatment and in the patients receiving repeated cycles of IFN, all cycles seemed to be associated with an elevation of NK activity. Prior to treatment, addition of IFN to the assay in vitro induced an enhancement of NK activity, whereas during treatment, IFN in vitro did not cause any further enhancement of NK activity. The proportions of total T cells, suppressor T cells and helper T cells, as measured by Leu 1, Leu 2a and Leu 3a monoclonal antibodies, were not altered to any major extent during treatment. This was found to be the case also for the number of cells detected by monoclonal antibodies against NK cells (Leu 7). The phagocytic activity of granulocytes was not altered during IFN therapy, whereas the capacity of these cells to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) increased after the first injection of IFN. The in vivo influence of high doses of highly purified recombinant alpha 2-IFN on NK cells and granulocytes seems to be similar to that of partially purified natural IFN-alpha.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1984

Hyaluronic acid enhances phagocytosis of human monocytes in vitro.

Pretreatment of human blood monocytes with hyaluronic acid for 0.5 hr enhanced significantly their ingestion in vitro of yeast particles opsonized with complement. The enhancement of the phagocytic capacity was dose dependent and maximal in the range of 25-50 micrograms/ml.

Cell Adhesion↗
PubMed1984

Functions of human neutrophilic granulocytes after in vivo exposure to interferon alpha.

The ability of neutrophilic granulocytes to phagocytize yeast particles and to reduce Nitro Blue Tetrazolium at rest and on activation with bacterial stimuli was monitored in 32 patients receiving treatment with human interferon alpha. The ability of these cells to attach to and ingest yeast particles was not altered to any major extent during 1 year of interferon treatment. In most patients, the Nitro Blue Tetrazolium-reducing activity increased after the first injection of interferon. During prolonged treatment with interferon alpha, 1 week to 1 year, granulocytes activated with bacteria exhibited a reduced Nitro Blue Tetrazolium activity in most patients.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1984

Toxicology of nickel.

Rabbits were exposed to low levels of airborne metals for 1-8 months, 5 days/week, 6 hours/day. After exposure, lung tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy. Macrophages lavaged from the left lung were examined morphologically and functionally. Phospholipids were analysed in lung tissue or lavage fluid. Metallic nickel dust, 0.1-1 mg/m3, affected alveolar macrophages, alveolar epithelial type II cells and phospholipids. In the lung tissue, nodular accumulation of macrophages was seen, and the volume density of alveolar type II cells was elevated. The amount of phospholipids was markedly increased, mainly due to an increase in disaturated phosphatidylcholines. After 1 month of exposure the macrophages appeared active. After 3 months they appeared 'overfed' and inactive. Metallic iron, chromium and cobalt did not produce the same effects as nickel. Exposure to 0.2 mg/m3 soluble nickel as nickel chloride produced almost identical effects to those of metallic nickel, indicating that the effect of the metallic nickel particles was caused by nickel ions. Exposure to cadmium chloride produced nearly all the effects produced by nickel chloride. However, cadmium chloride increased the level of lysozyme in the macrophages whereas nickel chloride decreased it. Cadmium chloride also produced interstitial alveolitis and cytoplasmic blebs on the surface of the macrophages. Cobalt chloride affected the growth of the type II cells, which formed nodules, but did not seem to affect the production of surfactant material by those cells. Copper chloride produced no effect apart from a slight increase in volume density of the type II cells. Thus, of four divalent metal ions, three (Ni2+, Cd2+ and Co2+) in similar concentrations in the inhaled air produced clear but different pathological effects in the lungs.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of interferon on human neutrophilic granulocytes.

The in vitro influence of interferon (IFN) on various functions of human neutrophilic granulocytes was investigated. It was observed that the attachment and engulfment of opsonized yeast particles by human neutrophilic granulocytes were enhanced after preincubation in vitro with IFN for 30 min. The same result was obtained whether the particles were opsonized with fresh normal serum (complement) or with specific antibodies. However, after incubation of the granulocytes with IFN for 3 h the phagocytosis rate was somewhat decreased. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by resting granulocytes was slightly, although not significantly, increased by preincubation with IFN for 30 min, but their NBT reduction during phagocytosis of E. coli was significantly increased. No major effects of preincubation with IFN were observed on spontaneous or random migration of granulocytes.

Cell Movement↗
PubMed1983

Rabbit alveolar macrophages after inhalation of soluble cadmium, cobalt, and copper: a comparison with the effects of soluble nickel.

Rabbits were exposed to aerosols of chlorides of cadmium, copper, and cobalt (0.4-0.6 mg/m3 as metal) for 1 month (5 days/weeks and 6 hr/day). The effects of alveolar macrophages were compared with earlier reported effects of nickel chloride (0.3 mg/m3 as Ni). Effects of Cd2+ exposure resembled those of Ni2+ exposure. The number of macrophages in lavage fluid and the variance of cell diameters were thus increased and many cells contained lamellated inclusions. Contrary to macrophages from Ni2+-exposed rabbits, the surface of about 50% of the cells had cytoplasmic blebs. However, such cells were rarely seen by scanning electron microscopy. There were significantly more polymorphonucleated neutrophils and small lymphocytes, suggesting lung parenchymal damage. Cells from Cd2+-exposed animals, like cells from Ni2+-exposed ones, showed an increased oxidative metabolic activity after stimulation with Escherichia coli bacteria. Bactericidal capacity, on the other hand, tended to be enhanced rather than decreased, as in the nickel experiment. After CO2+ exposure, the number of macrophages was slightly increased in the lavage fluid and the cells showed an increased metabolic activity both at rest and upon stimulation with bacteria. Cu2+ exposure gave a slight increase in lamellated inclusions in the macrophages.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1983

Rabbit lung after inhalation of soluble nickel. I. Effects on alveolar macrophages.

Alveolar macrophages from eight rabbits, exposed for about 1 month (5 days/week, 6 hr/day) to an aerosol of nickel chloride, 0.3 mg/m3 (as Ni), were studied. The number of macrophages in the lavage fluid and the variance of the cell diameter increased. The macrophages contained laminated structures and most cells had an active cell surface. A few macrophages had a large number of laminated structures and a smooth cell surface. The capacity of the macrophages to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) tended to be increased at rest and was significantly increased after stimulation with Escherichia coli. The bactericidal capacity of the macrophages was decreased. The effects were similar to those earlier described after exposure of rabbits for 1 month to about 1 mg/m3 of metallic nickel dust. After exposure both to metallic and soluble nickel the effects are probably caused by an increased amount of surfactant produced by the type II cells in response to nickel ions.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Rabbit lungs after long-term exposure to low nickel dust concentration. II. Effects on morphology and function.

For 4 and 8 months (5 days/week, 6 hr/day) rabbits were exposed to 0.13 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SD) mg/m3 of metallic nickel dust. Volume density of alveolar type II cells was estimated with electron microscopy. Lavaged alveolar macrophages were studied with light and electron microscopy and their abilities to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and to phagocytize particles were tested. The effects seemed to be similar after 4 and 8 months of exposure and when the exposed animals were combined, volume density of type II cells was increased and also significantly correlated with concentration of disaturated phosphatidylcholines in the lung. The macrophages had an active surface. Their NBT activity at rest was increased but a further increase during stimulation with E. coli was low, suggesting an impaired function. Phagocytic activity, however, was not significantly changed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The effect of intralipid on mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes.

Eight healthy subjects were given Intralipid, a soybean oil emulsion, 20% intravenously for 2 h. During the infusion a significant increase in the nitroblue tetrazolium-reduction of blood monocytes was noted. Preincubation of monocytes in vitro with Intralipid (20 to 100 mg/ml) for 30 min was found to increase the ability of the cells to migrate chemotactically and to phagocytize yeast particles. On the contrary, when neutrophilic granulocytes were preincubated with Intralipid in the same concentrations for 30 min. their nitroblue-tetrazolium-reduction, chemotactic and spontaneous locomotion, as well as their ingestion of yeast particles was depressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Ceftazidime in septicaemia.

Thirty-five patients with mean age 70 years (range 22 to 92) with 37 proven episodes of septicaemia (26) or bacteraemia (11) were treated with a mean ceftazidime dose of 1.80 (range 1 to 2 g) bid for 12 (range 3 to 17) days. Twenty patients had underlying diseases. Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen (19/37). Of the 37 strains 36 were tested for antibiotic sensitivity and 35 were fully sensitive with MIC less than or equal to 8 mg/l (21 less than or equal to 0.12 mg/l). The remaining strain, a Staphylococcus aureus, was moderately susceptible (MIC 16 mg/l). Thirty patients (81%) were cured, six improved and one considered not evaluable. Serum concentrations were studied in 12 patients with slightly or moderately impaired renal function. They had trough and peak values ranging from less than or equal to 1.0 to 118.4 mg/l and 30 to 246.4 mg/l, respectively. In three patients the initial dose of 2 g bid had to be reduced to 1 g bid due to very high trough levels, and due to low peak value in one patient the dose was increased from 1 g to 2 g bid. Adverse reactions were mostly mild (positive Coombs' reaction, transiently raised aminotransferases or raised serum creatinine). Treatment had to be stopped in two cases due to drug fever and/or rash. Therapy with ceftazidime 2 g bid seems to be successful in Gram-negative septicaemia; however, in patients with decreased renal function serum concentrations should be determined.

Adult↗