Biomedical subjects

C Jarstrand

Publications and source records attributed to C Jarstrand.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Macrophage reaction in rabbit lung following inhalation of iron chloride.

Groups of eight rabbits were inhalation-exposed to iron, 1.4 +/- 0.7 mg/m3 (low Fe), or 3.1 +/- 1.8 mg/m3 (high Fe) as FeCl3 or to filtered air (controls) for 2 months, 5 days/week and 6 hours/day. The alveolar macrophages were increased in number in both exposed groups. Noduli of granular macrophages were found in lungs of all the rabbits in the high-Fe group, in one from the low-Fe group, and in one control rabbit. Especially in the high-Fe group there were prominent changes in the macrophages such as enlarged lysosomes containing fibrous-looking structures, iron-rich inclusions, and densely packed, 5-nm electron-dense granules. The number of cells filled with surfactant-like inclusions as well as a smooth surface was increased in the high-Fe group and the macrophages had enhanced phagocytic capacity. There was an increase in the phospholipid concentration and in the volume density of type II cells in the high-Fe group but the level of phosphatidylcholines was not significantly changed. The fact that Fe3+ affected mainly the alveolar macrophages might be due to the relatively high concentration of iron in these cells caused by the precipitation of iron in their lysosomes.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1992

Rabbit lung after combined exposure to soluble cobalt and trivalent chromium.

Eight rabbits were exposed to 0.7 +/- 0.4 mg/m3 Co2+ as CoCl2 and 1.2 +/- 0.7 mg/m3 Cr3+ as Cr(NO3)3 (group Co + Cr), eight to 0.6 +/- 0.5 mg/m3 Co2+ (group Co), and eight to filtered air (control group), for 4 months, 5 days/week, and 6 hr/day. All rabbits in group Co + Cr and group Co showed nodular aggregation of alveolar epithelial type II cells. Volume density of the type II cells was significantly higher in group Co + Cr than in group Co and the control group. There was intraalveolar macrophage accumulation in seven rabbits in group Co + Cr, one in group Co, and one in the control group. In lavage fluid the numbers of macrophages and the percentage of these cells with smooth surface and intracellular surfactant-like inclusions were more increased in group Co + Cr than in group Co as were oxidative metabolic and phagocytic activities of the macrophages. Total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines, and especially 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was markedly increased in group Co + Cr whereas only 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was slightly increased in group Co. One mechanism behind the high amount of surfactant phospholipids in group Co + Cr seems to be an enhanced production of surfactant by the type II cells. Another mechanism is probably that Cr3+ reduces the capacity of alveolar macrophages to catabolize surfactant. The results imply that it is important to investigate effects of combinations of cobalt and chromium in the occupational environment.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

The role of O-antigen polysaccharide in the activation of neutrophils by lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella species.

Activation of neutrophils by lipid A, O-antigen polysaccharides (PS) and smooth lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from Salmonella choleraesuis (O-6,7) and Salmonella typhimurium (O-4,5,12) was investigated. The methods used were assays for lysozyme release and for nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction which measures the level of oxidative metabolism of neutrophils. LPS from both species stimulated neutrophils to the same extent in the presence of autologous plasma. In the absence of plasma only the O-6,7 LPS activated neutrophils. Lipid A or PS isolated from both LPS either did not activate neutrophils or did so only at very high concentrations when tested in the presence of plasma; in the absence of plasma no activation occurred. The data indicate that both PS and lipid A segments of LPS are required for activation of neutrophils by LPS. We also deduce that plasma, probably complement, is required for the interaction of some LPS, e.g. O-4,5,12 with neutrophils whereas other LPS, e.g. O-6,7 can interact directly and activate neutrophils.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1992

Effect of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide on oxidative metabolism and lysozyme release by human neutrophils.

Both Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A were low activators of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and lysozyme release in human neutrophils. The stimulation was dose dependent and was higher in the presence of autologous plasma than in its absence. The comparison between Brucella LPS and lipid A versus Salmonella LPS revealed that at least 100 times more LPS and 1,000 times more lipid A of the former genus were required to induce significant nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and a corresponding lysozyme release in neutrophils. Low Brucella LPS-mediated superoxide and lysozyme production might contribute to the survival of these facultative intracellular bacteria in phagocytic cells.

Bacterial Toxins↗

PubMed1992

Alveolar macrophages and lung lesions after combined exposure to nickel, cobalt, and trivalent chromium.

In earlier inhalation exposures of rabbits, nickel increased the production of surfactant by type II cells, with secondary effects on morphology and function of alveolar macrophages. Cobalt induced mainly a nodular growth pattern of the type II cells. Trivalent chromium seemed to impair the capacity of macrophages to catabolize surfactant but did not affect the type II cells. We exposed rabbits by inhalation to combinations of nickel (0.6 mg/m3 as NiCl2) and trivalent chromium [1.2 mg/m3 as Cr(NO3)3] (Ni-Cr), cobalt (0.5 mg/m3 as CoCl2) and nickel (0.5 mg/m3) (Co-Ni), or cobalt (0.5 mg/m3) and chromium (1.2 mg/m3) (Co-Cr) for 4 months, 5 days/week, 6 hr/day. Alveolar macrophages, alveolar type II cells, and lung content of phospholipids were determined. All combined exposures induced more pronounced lung lesions than exposures for each of the metals. Phospholipid concentrations were significantly higher. There were significantly higher percentages of macrophages filled with surfactant-like inclusions and a smooth surface. Accumulations of macrophages in alveoli were more widespread. Chromium potentiated the effects of nickel and cobalt on the type II cells, which led to secondary effects on the macrophages. Nickel potentiated the specific effects of cobalt, i.e., type II cell nodule formation. The result indicates that noxious effects could also be induced in man by combined exposure to nickel, cobalt, and trivalent chromium in concentrations similar to those occurring in some occupational settings.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Intralipid decreases the bacterial lipopolysaccharide induced release of oxygen radicals and lysozyme from human neutrophils.

Human neutrophils were incubated either with purified cell envelope lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of salmonella or with different concentrations of LPS combined with Intralipid. Incubation of neutrophils with LPS alone increased their oxidative metabolism with increased release of oxygen radicals as measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test and chemiluminescence response. The amount of lysozyme released by the cells also increased during incubation with LPS. However, when the neutrophils were incubated with LPS together with Intralipid, the LPS induced stimulation of the neutrophil NBT reduction, chemiluminescence and lysozyme release was significantly decreased. Intralipid might substitute for plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL), which are known to inhibit the LPS effects on the neutrophils in the acute stage of an infection with Gram-negative bacteria.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1990

Significance of oxygen availability for release of oxygen free radicals and lysozyme by neutrophils.

Neutrophilic granulocytes were exposed to an atmosphere of nearly 100% oxygen (hyperoxia) for one hour. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, reflecting oxygen radical release, was decreased both in resting and stimulated cells, but lysozyme release was unchanged. Short time exposure of patients to oxygen hypertension might therefore be beneficial as therapy, in conditions where reduced production of oxygen radicals is required. The NBT reduction of resting and stimulated neutrophils in an atmosphere of purified argon (hypoxia) was also considerably decreased, and the lysozyme release unchanged. This reflects the anaerobic conditions in abscesses, where the contribution of neutrophil oxygen metabolites to the killing of microorganism might be reduced.

Cell Hypoxia↗

PubMed1990

Influence of human plasma high density lipoproteins from septic patients on different functions of normal human neutrophils.

High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) from three patients with E. coli sepsis contained high, low and no Serum Amyloid Protein (Apo SAA), respectively. Preincubation of neutrophils from healthy persons for half an hour with sepsis HDL as well as normal HDL increased the phagocytosis, the stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, the chemotaxis and the random migrations of these cells. However, for all these functions, lower values were obtained after incubation with sepsis HDL containing high amounts of apo SAA than with normal HDL. A qualitative change of HDL might thus in part be responsible for the decreased function of neutrophils noted during the acute phase of bacterial infections.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Decreased chemotactic and random migration of leukocytes during Intralipid infusion.

The soybean oil emulsion Intralipid was given intravenously to 12 healthy subjects for 2 hr. During the infusion an impairment of the chemotactic and random migration of leukocytes was noted. It was correlated to the dose given and to the degree of hypertriglyceridemia induced. Migration was fully restituted 22 hr after the infusion. Also when added in vitro Intralipid caused an impairment of leukocyte motility that followed a dose response pattern.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of neutrophil granulocytes from newborn infants and their mothers in relation to the occurrence of bacteria in amnion fluid and cord blood.

The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of granulocytes from cord blood, when measured without in vitro stimulation with bacteria, was significantly higher than that of maternal granulocytes. This elevated activity may be an adequate response to the presence in cord blood of degradation products from the placenta but also of potentially pathogenic bacteria, found in cord blood of infants with high NBT values. On in vitro stimulation cord blood granulocytes displayed the same high NBT activity as those of the mothers and of healthy non-pregnant women. All but one blood culture from the infants 25--48 h after delivery were sterile. The only child with a low non-stimulated NBT activity of cord blood granulocytes was also the only one presenting a clinical picture of neonatal septicemia, though not bacteriologically verified.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by bacteria. Some properties of the reaction and its possible use.

All the S. albus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa strains examined reduced nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to dark blue formazan. The amount of formazan produced was proportional to the number of bacteria. Under the same growth conditions, an equal number of bacteria of various strains produced different amounts of formazan. However, there were statistically verified differences in the NBT-reduction between the three species examined. The NBT-reduction took place in all phases of growth but was most intense in the early logarithmic phase. NBT was found to be toxic for bacteria, and the different strains had varying sensitivity to that effect. The NBT-reaction was markedly enhanced by phenazine methosulphate (PMS). The blue colour of formazan produced from NBT has an advantage over the red colour from triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) if the reaction occurs in the presence of haemoglobin often present in biological materials. With NBT and PMS, 10(6)--10(7) bacteria are needed to form detectable amounts of formazan. The NBT-reduction by bacteria may be useful for measuring the influence of bactericidal, bacteriostatic or growth-stimulating factors on bacteria.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1979

Decreased nitroblue tetrazolium reduction of granulocytes in type IV hyperlipoproteinemia.

NBT reduction of granulocytes was determined in 40 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia. The reaction was measured in granulocytes both in the resting state and after stimulation with E. coli, as well as with and without addition of plasma. In 17 patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia (endogenous hypertriglyceridemia), the NBT reduction was significantly decreased in all these types of experiments when compared with 12 healthy controls. Sera from hypertriglyceridemic patients decreased NBT reduction of normal granulocytes. Increasing concentration of VLDLs from normolipidemic donors had the same effect. It is suggested that plasma lipoproteins may influence granulocyte function.

Cell Membrane Permeability↗

PubMed1979

Effect of dextran infusion on the phagocytic and metabolic functions of the reticuloendothelial system in man.

The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is part of the host defence and consequently plays an important role in shock and trauma, conditions often requiring volume replacement. Experimental studies have shown that the functions of the RES are hampered by plasma substitutes such as gelatin, starch and dextran. In this study six patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy were given 500 ml dextran just before the operation. At the end of the operation the phagocytic and metabolic functions were tested with microaggregated human serum albumin labelled with I125. The results indicate that there is a significant impairment of the phagocytic activitity of the RES in patients given dextran compared to controls not given dextran but saline. The metabolic activity was not significantly affected by dextran, however, suggesting that moderate dosage of dextran is not of great disadvantage to patients undergoing major surgery.

Cholecystectomy↗

PubMed1979

Human granulocyte function during dextran infusion.

The granulocyte function was determined in healthy persons before and immediately after the infusion of 500 ml of dextran for 4 hours. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction reflecting the metabolic activity of these cells was measured both in cells at rest and after stimulation with E. coli, as well as with and without the addition of plasma. In 13 persons, the NBT-reduction was slightly but significantly increased in all four types of experiments after the dextran infusion. When dextran was added in vitro to granulocytes from normal volunteers, the NBT reduction of these cells was increased and the effect was dose-dependent. A surface effect of dextran together with phagocytosis of dextran molecules are the most probable reasons for the elevated NBT-reduction. - In 9 persons tested, the bactericidal capacity was not significantly influenced by dextran infusion. - When dextran was added in vitro to granulocytes neither the bactericidal capacity nor the chemotactic and random migration of the cells were changed. -

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Role of phagocytic cells in host defence in relation to trauma--a brief review.

Present evidence available support a relationship between phagocytic cell function and survival from various types of trauma, e.g. burn, traumatic shock, and haemorrhage. Both polymorphonuclear phagocytes and mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) participating in the body's host defence are of crucial importance in preventing post-traumatic infections by microorganisms. The role of macrophages constituting the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in relation to trauma is paid special attention in this review. Deficit in a humoral opsonic glycoprotein (alpha 2 SB glycoprotein) important for reticuloendothelial phagocytosis is described in various types of traumatic injuries, and the role of RES in relation to pulmonary insufficiency is finally summarized.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Granulocytic function after administration of pepsin treated human gammaglobulin.

Pepsin-treated human gammaglobulin, 150 mg/kg body weight, was administered intravenously to 14 healthy volunteers. Before and after the infusion the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reduction of granulocytes was studied in all and the bactericidial capacity in 12 subjects. An increase of NBT reduction (p less than 0.05) and of bacterial capacity (p less than 0.01) of granulocytes was found after the infusion. The effects may be due to an opsonising action of F (ab')2 components.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Alveolar macrophage function in nickel dust exposed rabbits.

8 rabbits were exposed to metallic nickel dust (2 mg/m3, of which about half was respirable) for 4 weeks. The lungs were lavaged and the macrophages were collected. In comparison with 8 control rabbits, a significant increase was noted in the nickel exposed rabbits as concerned the weight and density of the lungs, the size variation of the lung cells, the phagocytosis of silver coated particles, and the metabolic activity as measured by NBT reduction. The last mentioned increase was recorded during basal conditions as well as during phagocytosis. The NBT reduction during phagocytosis was significantly correlated with the degree of phagocytosis of silver coated particles in both control and exposed rabbits. It is suggested that the exposure to nickel dust has unspecifically activated the macrophages perhaps by increased production of phospholipids.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by bacteria employed for rapid determination of antibiotic concentrations in serum.

The ability of bacteria to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan, and the inhibition of this process by antibiotics, have been utilized in a method to determine antibiotic concentrations in serum. Escherichia coli, growing in the presence of increasing but subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, produces diminished amounts of formazan. This is photometrically quantified and the optical density obtained with the sample is compared with those obtained with know concentrations. Levels of aminoglycosides below 1 microgram/ml can be measured in the presence of other antibiotics also, and the assay can be carried out in three hours. Good correlation was obtained when 49 serum samples containing varying concentrations of sisomicin were tested simultaneously by the NBT assay and a disc diffusion method.

Aminoglycosides↗