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Biomedical subjects

C Jackson

Publications and source records attributed to C Jackson.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Prophylactic ampicillin therapy for vaginal hysterectomy.

Ampicillin was given to a group of 41 patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy with and without vaginal repairs. This group was compared with 106 patients who received no antibiotic therapy. Retrospective analysis revealed both groups were the same when compared for race, parity, socioeconomic status, blood loss, operator experience and phase of the menstrual cycle. There was significantly less morbidity, infection and serious infections in the antibiotic-treated group than in the control group. In addition, significantly fewer complications of any type, fewer courses of therapeutic antibiotics and fewer readmissions for postoperative complications were noted in the group receiving prophylactic antibiotics. It is suggested that any patient undergoing a procedure which invades the peritoneal cavity by operating through the vagina should be placed on prophylactic antibiotics.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1973

Adverse effects of differential parental attention.

In two independent parent training projects (Kansas and Mississippi), mothers of deviant young children were observed to follow almost all child behaviors with attention. The mothers were then trained to use differential attention procedures to increase their child's appropriate behaviors and to decrease deviant behaviors. Contrary to expectations, the differential attention procedure produced substantial increases in deviant behavior for four of the children. This adverse effect was maintained over many sessions and was replicated in single organism, reversal designs. A fifth child showed no change. A sixth child showed some improvement. However, this effect was not recovered in a second application of differential attention, and the child became worse. The results underline the importance of subject generality in applied behavior analysis and strongly suggest that service programs using operant techniques must carefully evaluate their effects on behavior.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive susceptibility to smoking and initiation of smoking during childhood: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: The earlier the onset of cigarette smoking the greater the risk of addictive smoking. Because smoking initiation is occurring at ever younger ages, early onset of smoking is primarily a childhood phenomenon. In this study cognitive susceptibility to smoking was examined as a risk factor for childhood onset of cigarette smoking. This was the first prospective investigation of cognitive susceptibility to smoking as a predictor of smoking initiation by children. METHODS: Three annual surveys were completed by 788 children who, at baseline, were in the third or fifth grade and had never puffed on a cigarette. RESULTS: At baseline, 51% of children had either single or multiple indicators of susceptibility to smoking. Over 2 years, children with single indicators of susceptibility were 80% more likely to initiate smoking, and children with multiple indicators of susceptibility were four times as likely to initiate smoking as nonsusceptible peers. Susceptibility was a stronger predictor of initiation than all other predictors examined, including exposure to family members and friends who smoke cigarettes. CONCLUSION: Among abstinent children ages 8 to 10 years, cognitive susceptibility to smoking was a significant predictor of whether they initiated smoking prior to adolescence. Reducing children's susceptibility to smoking could strengthen efforts to prevent early onset of cigarette smoking.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Do as I say: parent smoking, antismoking socialization, and smoking onset among children.

This study examined relationships between smoking and antismoking practices of parents and early onset of smoking among elementary-grade children. The parent practices we investigated were direct modeling of cigarette smoking and antismoking socialization variables, such as setting rules to eliminate cigarette smoking in the home, awareness of children's smoking behaviors, and making clear the disciplinary consequences of cigarette smoking. Surveying a sample of 1.213 third- and fifth-grade children, we found (1) children's risk of early onset of smoking increases with level of exposure to parent smoking models; (2) if one or both parents are current smokers, children who have never tried smoking have significantly greater risk of intending to smoke, perceiving easy access to cigarettes, and being ambivalent about smoking; (3) risk rates for children of former smokers indicate that parents' quitting smoking does not eradicate the effects of parent modeling; and (4) children whose parents engage in antismoking socialization have significantly lower rates of smoking onset, even if parents are current smokers. The implications of these results for preventive intervention and future research are discussed.

Age of Onset↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Initial and experimental stages of tobacco and alcohol use during late childhood: relation to peer, parent, and personal risk factors.

A staged model of smoking adoption has been widely applied in studies of adolescent smoking. The present study applied this model to examine the preliminary stages of tobacco and alcohol use by children. Using discriminant analysis, factors associated with the abstinence, initiation, and experimentation stages of tobacco and alcohol use were compared in a sample of 1,272 children in grades 4 and 6. Modeling of use by best friends and the perceived prevalence of use among same-age peers were most strongly related to the initiation and experimentation stages of tobacco and alcohol use. Other key factors were offers from parents and friends, adjustment to school, and behavioral self-regulation. The weakest factors were parental modeling and self-esteem. The initiation and experimentation stages are not as highly differentiated among children as other studies have found them to be among adolescents, suggesting that if initiation occurs during childhood, progression to experimentation is likely. Prevention programs could simultaneously influence children's risk of tobacco and alcohol use by targeting the common risk factors for preliminary use of these substances.

Age of Onset↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reliability of children's self-reported cigarette smoking.

Youth who first smoke cigarettes during childhood are a high risk for habitual smoking. Evaluating the reliability of children's smoking initiation is essential to research efforts to explain or prevent smoking onset. The present study is the first to establish reliability of self-reported smoking behavior with questionnaire data from elementary school children (N = 1,184). Data from a longitudinal investigation are used to examine the consistency of children's self-reported smoking across items and over time. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses demonstrate that children report having tried smoking and lifetime use remarkably consistently. However, only about half the children reliably estimated their grade at first use. The study results suggest that some but not all standard questionnaire items yield reliable self-report data about initial smoking behavior from respondents as young as 8 to 11 years.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health communication on the Internet: an effective channel for health behavior change?

This article presents a theoretical rationale for using the Internet to conduct persuasive public health interventions. Through an examination of the conceptual bases of persuasion, it is posited that the World Wide Web and other Internet-based resources have many of the characteristics necessary for persuasive communication and may, in fact, constitute a hybrid channel that combines the positive attributes of interpersonal and mass communication. The notion that the Internet features many of the persuasive qualities of interpersonal communication makes it a prime candidate for the application of key behavioral science theories and principles to promote healthier behaviors. The broad reach that the Internet shares with many mass communication channels indicates an economy to Internet-based efforts to communicate with large audiences. It is concluded that if the Internet can be used for persuasive health communication and its reach continues to expand, it is time for public health professionals to explore the design and evaluation of Internet-based interventions directed at health behavior change.

Health Behavior↗