Large rod-shaped structures corresponding to paracrystals were seen in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or both of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-infected cells by immunofluorescence staining with antibody prepared against purified Ad2. In exception to this, Ad2-induced crystals did not stain with either hexon or fiber antibody. The crystalline structures were first observed in Ad2-infected Vero cells at 28 hr with a maximum number at 70 hr postinoculation. The kinetics of paracrystalline formation closely paralleled the experimental synthesis of infectious progeny virus. Acridine-orange staining revealed the lack of nucleic acids associated with the crystal. Also, the paracrystals stained intensely with phenanthrenequinone, suggesting that they are composed of basic proteins. Interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus from African green monkey kidney cell cultures was used to pretreat Vero cells prior to Ad2 infection. This resulted in inhibiting the formation of viral-induced paracrystals in 97% of the cells and reduced virus yields by 95%. The African green monkey kidney cell culture interferon did not reduce Ad2 yields in HeLa cell cultures or display any virus inhibitory activity in rabbit kidney cell cultures. Staining procedures, fluorescent-antibody tests with whole virus, hexon or fiber antibody, and interferon studies suggested that the paracrystals were viral-directed and composed of basic proteins (possibly core proteins).

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed1971

Inhibition of adenovirus type 2 by human and monkey interferon.

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Adenoviridae↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of physical activity levels in two contrasting elderly populations in Thailand.

There is little information available on physical activity patterns in the elderly in developing countries. This is particularly important at a time when developing countries are in transition and show signs of moving toward Western style patterns of physical activity and social structure. This study is unique in that it compares the physical activity levels in two contrasting communities: a residential home and a rural community of elderly subjects in Thailand. Ninety elderly people living in a residential home and 78 elderly people living with their families in a rural community were recruited. The men in the rural community were slightly lighter and leaner than the men in the residential community, but the differences were not significant. However, the women were significantly (P < 0.001) heavier and fatter in the residential home than in the rural community. This is consistent with the higher levels of physical activity in the rural community. There was considerable variation in physical activity in this population. The physical activity level (PAL) values ranged from 1.21 to 1.73 in the residential home and from 1.21 to 3.08 in the rural community. This is apparently the first study of physical activity patterns in elderly subjects in a developing country. It highlights the variation in activity within the rural community and between both communities. The opportunities for the elderly living in the residential home to have active lifestyles are limited. It is likely that this will result in increased morbidity in the final years of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Anthropometry of two contrasting populations of Thai elderly living in a rural setting.

This study presents anthropometric data on 192 elderly males and 342 elderly females from two contrasting population settings in rural Thailand. Sixty per cent of the subjects lived in with relatives and 40% in a residential home. The elderly population in the present study had BMI values of 21 kg/m(2) for men and 22-23 kg/m(2) for women. Due to different age distributions in the two groups studied, the anthropometric values were adjusted for age. There was a negative correlation between age and weight for men and women at both sites. Both males and females were shorter with smaller armspan in the residential home. There were significant differences in the distribution of adipose tissue, after adjustment for age, between the two communities. Men in the residential home had larger waist circumference, triceps and biceps skinfold thicknesses but smaller subscapular skinfold thicknesses than the men in the rural community. Women in the residential home were heavier with larger biceps and triceps skinfold thicknesses and smaller arm circumferences than the women in the rural community. The elderly in the residential home had a general reduction in body fat with age, unlike the elderly in the rural community who showed a decrease in mainly peripheral fat. The likely impact of lifestyle and feeding practices in the two sites on body composition is also discussed.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical vignette. Adrenal pheochromocytoma.

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Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Amputation and carboplatin for treatment of dogs with osteosarcoma: 48 cases (1991 to 1993).

Forty-eight dogs with histologically confirmed appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA) entered a prospective clinical trial evaluating treatment with amputation and up to 4 doses of carboplatin given every 21 days. The median disease-free interval (DFI) was 257 days, with 31.2% of the dogs disease-free at 1 year. The median survival time was 321 days, with 35.4% of the dogs alive at 1 year. Dogs with proximal humeral OSA had shorter DFI (P = .016) and survival (P = .037) times than dogs with OSA at other locations. Dogs with lower body weights ( < 40 kg) had longer DFI (P = .0056) and survival (P = .007) times than larger dogs. Survival times for dogs that received carboplatin were statistically longer than those previously reported for amputation alone (P < .001). DFI and survival times are similar to those previously reported for 2 to 4 doses of cisplatin. Carboplatin appears to be a well-tolerated chemotherapeutic drug that can be given safely every 21 days at a dose of 300 mg/m2. Neutropenia was the dose-limiting toxicity in this study.

Amputation, Surgical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Urine cortisol:creatinine ratio in healthy and sick cats.

Urine cortisol:creatinine ratios (UCCR) were determined from single urine samples obtained by cystocentesis in 47 cats allotted into 2 groups: 31 healthy cats and 16 sick, hospitalized cats with assorted clinical illnesses. The mean (+/- standard deviation) UCCR for healthy cats was 5.9 +/- 7.0 (median, 3.2; range, 0.6 to 27.8). Age or gonadal status had no significant effect on the magnitude of UCCR within this group. However, sick cats had significantly higher UCCR (P = .002) when compared with healthy cats. The mean UCCR for sick cats was 19.6 +/- 19.2 (median, 14.8; range, 1.7 to 75.1). This report establishes a reference range for UCCR in 31 normal cats and provides evidence that health status affects UCCR in cats.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Survival in dogs with nasal adenocarcinoma: 64 cases (1981-1995).

Case records of 64 dogs with nasal adenocarcinoma were reviewed. The effects of age, gender, tumor stage, presence of metastatic lesions, and treatment method on survival time were examined. Surgery groups included rhinotomy (n = 9), transnasal curettage (n = 29), and no surgery (n = 26). Chemotherapy groups included fluorouracil-cyclophosphamide combination therapy (n = 15), mitoxantrone (n = 7), and no chemotherapy (n = 42). Fifty-three dogs received fractionated cobalt 60 radiation therapy. Surgical procedure, chemotherapy group, and stage of primary tumor were not significantly associated with survival time (P > .05). Dogs that received radiation therapy had a significantly longer median survival time (424 days) than dogs that did not (126 days)(P = .0001). The presence of either regional lymph node or pulmonary metastasis was associated with significantly shorter median survival time (109 days) when compared to dogs without metastases (393 days)(P = .0125). When only dogs that had received radiation therapy were considered, neither surgical treatment nor chemotherapy group was associated with significant changes in median survival time. An alternate staging system emphasizing the presence or absence of metastases is proposed.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The need for policy and risk analysis--the Department of Energy experience.

Reduction of major risks to the public and workers is a top priority of all federal agencies. Given current and future budget realities, agencies cannot attempt to address all risks simultaneously nor to address certain relatively lower risk activities as rapidly as some would like. The assumptions and judgments inherent in using risk analysis in the absence of data, however, have to be clearly stated. What is needed is an integrated risk assessment and management process that meets the current and future needs of the government, as well as of stakeholders. Yet there have been many questions raised regarding risk assessment: our ability to define the risks on a specific substance or site basis and in a systematic way; methodology questions about identifying and assessing diverse hazards and risks as well as uncertainties in the estimates, data gaps, and concern over the quality of information; and the fact that "who" performs the risk assessment matters. Knowing these controversies surrounding risk and the use of risk-based approach, the Department of Energy (DOE) requested the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council to determine whether and how risk and risk-based decisions could be incorporated into a major federal program, the DOE's Office of Environmental Management. The report identified the major obstacles, issues, and barriers to implementing a risk-based management approach. The report concluded that the use of risk-based approach could help compare outcomes, build consensus, and gain early public involvement to include cultural, socioeconomic, historical, and religious values, if its purposes and limitations are well defined. A status of the DOE's ability to implement the recommendations presented in the report on the use of risk assessment in a major federal program and the adoption of principles for using risk analysis will be given.

Government Agencies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Disseminated hemangiosarcoma in the horse: 35 cases.

Thirty-five cases of disseminated hemangiosarcoma (21 clinical cases and 14 previously reported cases) were reviewed to describe the disease in horses. Hemangiosarcoma occurred in mature, particularly middle-aged horses, with no apparent sex predilection. Thoroughbreds seemed to be overrepresented (13 cases) but a true breed predilection could not be established. The respiratory and musculoskeletal systems were most commonly affected and presenting complaints included dyspnea (26%), subcutaneous or muscular swelling (24%), epistaxis (17%), and lameness (12%). Heart and respiratory rates were usually increased and mucous membrane color was frequently pale or icteric. Capillary refill time and rectal temperature were often normal. Anemia (88%), neutrophilic leukocytosis (62%), and thrombocytopenia (48%) were common. Examination of tissue samples collected by fine-needle aspirate or biopsy established an antemortem diagnosis in 4 horses. The diagnosis was made during postmortem examination in the remaining 31 horses. The lung and pleura (77%), skeletal muscle (46%), and spleen (43%) were most commonly affected. A primary site of tumor involvement could be identified in 22 horses. Hemangiosarcoma should be included as a differential diagnosis for horses with evidence of hemorrhage into body cavities, skeletal muscle, or subcutaneous locations.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of canine hemangiosarcoma: 2000 and beyond.

Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is an aggressive and malignant neoplasia with a grave prognosis. Surgery and chemotherapy have limited success in prolonging survival times and increasing quality of life in dogs with HSA. Advances in medical oncology are resulting in increased survival rates and a better quality of life for veterinary cancer patients. An understanding of mechanisms of metastasis has led to the development of new treatments designed to delay or inhibit tumor spread. Promising new treatment options include novel delivery systems (inhalation or intracavitary chemotherapy); use of immunomodulators such as liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide-phosphatidylethanolamine; antimetastatic agents such as inhibitors of angiogenesis (interferons, thalidomide), matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and minocycline; dietary modifications; and gene therapy. Inhibitors of angiogenesis seem to be safe and, unlike conventional chemotherapy, do not induce drug resistance. Although many of the newer approaches are still under development and review, the use of multimodality therapy incorporating innovative treatment modalities may offer the best therapeutic option for dogs affected with HSA.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗