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Biomedical subjects

C Ito

Publications and source records attributed to C Ito.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Trends in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors.

Mass screening for diabetes mellitus has been conducted on 64,000- 113,000 atomic bomb survivors resident in Hiroshima City since 1961. The trends in the number of diabetes mellitus patients from 1971 to 1992 based on the results of this mass screening and on death certificates are described. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has shown an increase with age, but it peaked in the 8th decade and declined after the 9th decade. From 1971 to 1992 a 2.7-fold increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was observed in males and a 3.2-fold increase in females. By age, in males the increase was high in those of less than 49 years of age, and in females the increase was predominant in those of 80 years of age and over. In males the prevalence of diabetes mellitus estimates by death certificates was in good agreement with that observed by mass screening, but in females the prevalence observed by death certificates gave a higher value. During a period of two decades, a 2.1-fold increase was observed in males and a 2.0-fold increase in females.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1993

Westernized food habits and concentrations of serum lipids in the Japanese.

To investigate the association of westernized food habits and concentrations of serum lipids in the Japanese, we studied 1200 healthy Japanese living in Hiroshima prefecture and 1483 ethnic Japanese from Hiroshima prefecture living in the Hawaii Islands and Los Angeles. The nutritional assessments were made by the same dietitians. No major difference was observed in the total energy intake between the Japanese and the Japanese-Americans in both males and females. However, the intake of animal fat and simple carbohydrates (especially fructose) were markedly greater, and that of complex carbohydrates lower, in the Japanese-Americans compared with the Japanese. The mean serum cholesterol (CH), LDL-CH and serum triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly higher in the Japanese-Americans in both sexes. The mean HDL-CH concentration was similar between the two groups in males, but it was approximately 7 mg/dl higher in Japanese-American females. Using the 75 percentile values of CH and TG in the Japanese in Hiroshima, the frequency of WHO types IIa and IIb hyperlipidemia was about twice as high in the Japanese-Americans. These results suggest that westernized food habits in the Japanese include qualitative changes in animal fat, simple carbohydrate and complex carbohydrate diet rather than an increase in the total energy intake. These changes are associated with marked increases in the concentrations of serum CH and TG and increased prevalence of types IIa and IIb hyperlipidemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Pharmacological actions of "kyushin," a drug containing toad venom(2): effects on urinary volume and electrolyte excretion.

A study was conducted on the pharmacological actions of the toad venom-containing drug "Kyushin" (KY-2 and KY-R) on urinary volume and electrolytes excretion, regional blood flow, renal artery blood flow and carrageenin-induced hind-paw edema. In rabbits, KY-2 and KY-R significantly increased urinary volume after intravenous administration of 8 mg/kg. In guinea pigs, KY-2 and KY-R produced a significant increase in urinary volume after intraduodenal administration (i.d.) of 80 mg/kg. In guinea pigs treated with propranolol, KY-2 at 20 and 40 mg/kg p.o. and KY-R at 40 mg/kg p.o. increased urinary volume. At 40 mg/kg i.d. both KY-2 and KY-R produced an increase in regional blood flow, as determined by the hydrogen gas clearance method, of the brain areas including the amygdaloid nucleus, but did not affect regional blood flow in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle, or renal artery blood flow. In rats, carrageenin-induced hind-paw edema was inhibited by KY-2 or KY-R at 600 mg/kg p.o.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Pharmacological actions of "kyushin," a drug containing toad venom (3): Effects on experimentally induced arrhythmia.

The pharmacological effects of the toad venom-containing drug "kyushin" on aconitine- and thyroxine-induced arrhythmia in guinea pigs, on the conduction system in Langendorff preparations of rabbit hearts and on the autonomic nervous system in cats were studied. "kyushin" significantly inhibited the aconitine-induced arrhythmia after intraduodenal administration (i.d.) with 80 mg/kg, and the thyroxine-induced arrhythmia with 40 mg/kg i.d. Although "kyushin" itself did not affect the conduction system with 30 mg/ml of the maximal concentration being able to be prepared, bufalin and cinobufagin as constituents of toad venom produced inhibition with 0.3 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml, respectively. The decrease in heart rate induced by electrical stimulation to the parasympathetic nerve (vagus nerve) was potentiated by "kyushin" at 30 mg/kg i.d. The anti-arrhythmic effects of "kyushin" may be attributable to both possible inhibitory effect on the conduction system and potentiating effect on the parasympathetic nervous system.

Aconitine↗
PubMed1993

[Screening methods for diabetes mellitus in aged group].

There are many methods of screening for diabetes mellitus, for example, blood glucose test, urine sugar test, hemoglobin A1c, fructosamine etc. For the purpose of more efficient screening of diabetes mellitus in elderly groups, these data were analyzed to evaluate validity and ability to estimate prognosis. 1) Validity for screening based on diabetic type was analyzed in 27,074 cases. For screening with the standard level of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) > or = 120 mg/dl, sensitivity was 70.5%, specificity, 94.5%, predictive value, 89.0%, hemoglobin A1c > or = 6.5%, 62.7%, 91.2%, 81.5%, respectively, and fructosamine > or = 290 mumol/L, 54.1%, 92.3%, 78.1%, respectively. FPG had the highest validity. Comparison of validity between the > or = 65-yr group and the < or = 55-yr group was mode. There was significant difference in specificity but sensitivity and predictive value were lower in the > or = 65-yr group. 2) Mean blood glucose levels (BG) +/- S.D. by time after meal were studied. Fasting BG was 84.8 +/- 9.8 mg/dl, 0.5-1 hr. BG after meal, 100.8 +/- 24.5 mg/dl, and 4.5 hr or more, 84.1 +/- 12.8 mg/dl. Based on this data, standard levels for screening based on diabetic type using random blood glucose levels for 0.5-1 hr BG after meals were > or = 130 mg/dl, 1.5-2 hr BG > or = 120 mg/dl, and 3.5 hr or more BG and FBG > or = 100 mg/dl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Do blood glucose levels in the elderly have different metabolic significance than in non-elderly subjects?].

Diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus in elderly people are still controversial. The major questions are whether (1) effects of hyperglycemia in generating diabetic complications are the same as in younger diabetics, (2) too many diabetics might be diagnosed in the elderly by the criteria proposed by WHO and Japan Diabetes Society. To answer these questions, we carried out two studies. Blood glucose data were collected from population-based studies and from voluntary health check-up studies. Fasting blood glucose values were classified by sex and the age (-49, 50-64, 65-years old). Population-based studies showed no age-dependent change in blood glucose. However, data from health check-up studies showed an increase in median values from the group aged 50-64 and the 65 and older group. Two-hour values after glucose tolerance tests were classified by age and the fasting blood glucose (-99, 100-119, 120-139, and 140- mg/dl). The eldest and 140- mg/dl group showed the highest 2-hour values. Effects of hyperglycemia on the appearance of diabetic complications were studied in patients being follow-up in three diabetes clinics. Patients who has a history of one year or less and without any retinopathy on the first visit to the clinic were registered. Data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the appearance of retinopathy was used as the end point. There were no difference in the rate of appearance of retinopathy between the age groups (-49, 50-64 and 65-years old). No age effect on the hyperglycemia-dependent appearance of retinopathy could be observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Chromosomal localization of the genes encoding the p50/p105 subunits of NF-kappa B (NFKB2) and the I kappa B/MAD-3 (NFKBI) inhibitor of NF-kappa B to 4q24 and 14q13, respectively.

The regulation of expression of a variety of genes involved in immune function, inflammation, and cellular growth control, as well as control of expression of certain viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is dependent on the transcription factor NF-kappa B. In many cells, NF-kappa B is found in the cytoplasm where it is associated with an inhibitor protein known as I kappa B. Recently the genes encoding the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappa B, as well as one form of I kappa B/MAD-3 (NFKBI), have been cloned. As part of our goal to determine the chromosomal organization of members of the REL/NFKB family, as well as their inhibitors, we localized the NFKBp50/p105 (NFKB2) and I kappa B/MAD-3 (NFKBI) genes to human chromosome bands 4q24 and 14q13, respectively.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1992

Effects of "kyushin", a drug containing toad venom, on experimental congestive heart failure in rabbits.

Effects of "Kyushin" (KY-2), a drug containing toad venom, on a low-output-type heart failure model produced in rabbits by protease treatment on the left ventricular anterior wall, were examined. Heart rate, aortic blood flow (AoF), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVP) and maximal rate of rise of LVP (max dP/dt) in this model were maintained at lower levels than those in normal rabbits, while left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were maintained at higher levels, and the mean blood pressure (MBP) was at a normal level. KY-2 was administered intraduodenally to the animal. KY-2 improved heart failure state by increasing the AoF, LVP and max dP/dt, and by decreasing the LVEDP and SVR without a significant change in MBP. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of KY-2 on this heart failure model originate from their cardiotonic activity.

Amphibian Venoms↗
PubMed1992

Pharmacological actions of "kyushin," a drug containing toad venom: cardiotonic and arrhythmogenic effects, and excitatory effect on respiration.

The cardiotonic and arrhythmogenic effects, and the excitatory effect on respiration of "Kyushin," a drug containing toad venom, were studied in comparison with those of digoxin. In anesthetized rabbits, the maximum rate of rise of left ventricular systolic pressure (max dP/dt) was measured as an index of cardiotonic effect, and the respiratory flow was measured as an index of respiratory function. Intraduodenal (i.d.) administration of 80 mg/kg "Kyushin" produced a cardiotonic effect and an excitatory effect on respiration, but i.d. administration of 16 mg/kg digoxin produced only a cardiotonic effect, and conversely inhibited respiration. In anesthetized open-chest guinea pigs, myocardial contractile force was measured as an index of cardiotonic effect and the arrhythmogenic effect was evaluated from the appearance of arrhythmic myocardial contraction. By i.d. administration of a 20% ethanol suspension or solution, "Kyushin" and digoxin showed a cardiotonic activity with doses higher than 40 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively. The arrhythmogenic doses of "Kyushin" and digoxin by i.d. administration were 2560 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, respectively, suggesting that the safety margin of "Kyushin" is broader than that of digoxin.

Amphibian Venoms↗
PubMed1992

[Effects of bufadienolides and some kinds of cardiotonics on guinea pig hearts].

Effects of bufadienolides such as bufalin (BF) and cinobufagin (CB), the main components of Senso (Ch'an Su), on myocardial Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity, the cardiotonic activity in vivo and the action potential of isolated guinea pig papillary muscle cells were compared with those of other cardiotonic drugs. 1) The rank order of potency for inhibition of myocardial Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity was BF greater than digoxin (DG) greater than digitoxin (DT) greater than telocinobufagin greater than gamabufotalin greater than cinobufotalin greater than CB greater than g-strophanthin (GS) greater than digitoxigenin (DTG) greater than resibufogenin (RB) when compared at the 50% inhibitory concentration. 2) In isolated papillary muscle cells, CB shortened the action potential duration (APD) dose-dependently. The order of potency for shortening of APD was GS greater than CB greater than DTG much greater than DT. 3) In open-chest guinea pigs, intraduodenal administration of BF or CB increased the myocardial contractile force (MCF), but did not affect the heart rate. The order of potency for increase in MCF was as follows: methyldigoxin, proscillaridin greater than BF greater than CB greater than DG greater than Senso much greater than DT, DTG, RB. These results indicate that CB has a shortening effect on APD and an inhibitory effect on Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity along with its cardiotonic effect, like GS.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

[Pharmacological effects of Gosha-jinki-gan-ryo extract: effects on experimental diabetes].

Pharmacological effects of Gosha-jinki-gan-ryo extract (KJE) on experimental diabetes induced by cyproheptadine (CPH), aldose reductase activity, and experimental peripheral neuropathy were studied. The effects of KJE were compared with those of Hachimi-jio-gan-ryo extract (HJE). KJE at 417 mg/kg/day (5 times the daily dose in humans) and HJE at 367 mg/kg/day (5 times the daily dose in humans) significantly inhibited the decrease in glucose tolerance by CPH. KJE and HJE inhibited aldose reductase activity, when DL-glyceraldehyde was used as substrate, with IC50 values of 2.68 x 10(-5) g/ml and 4.45 x 10(-5) g/ml, respectively and when D-glucose was used as substrate, with IC50 values of 1.04 x 10(-4) g/ml and 1.55 x 10(-4) g/ml, respectively. KJE at 209 mg/kg/day (2.5 times the daily dose in humans) and HJE at 367 mg/kg/day significantly reduced peripheral neuropathy induced by crushing the sciatic nerve in rats. The potency of these effects of KJE was stronger than that of HJE, when a comparison was made on the basis of the daily dose.

Aldehyde Reductase↗
PubMed1991

Preparation and evaluation of Eudragit gels. I: Eudragit organogels containing drugs as rectal sustained-release preparations.

New organogels containing salicylic acid, sodium salicylate, procaine, and ketoprofen were prepared by using Eudragit L and S, and propylene glycol. The physical properties (e.g., penetration and extensibility) of the organogels were affected considerably by the incorporation of a basic drug, such as procaine, rather than an acidic drug, such as salicylic acid. In in vivo evaluation using rabbits, it was found that 30% Eudragit L organogels containing 1.25% (w/w) salicylic acid or 2.5% (w/w) ketoprofen showed sustained plasma salicylic acid or ketoprofen levels and almost the same AUC as compared with Witepsol H-15 suppositories containing these drugs. Furthermore, the relative bioavailability for salicylic acid and ketoprofen released from 30% Eudragit L organogels, with 10% (w/w) linolic acid or oleic acid as absorption enhancer, increased to 1.55-1.75- and 1.46-1.85-fold, respectively, compared with 30% Eudragit L organogels without these unsaturated fatty acids.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1991

bcl-2 translocation in Japanese B cell lymphoma: novel bcl-2 translocation with immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity segment.

Breakpoints of a lymphoma case with bcl-2 gene rearrangement that did not show comigration of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain joining (JH) fragment were cloned. Sequence analysis revealed that the translocation broke the 3' side of the Ig heavy chain diversity (DH) segment at the heptamer recombination signal and each end was ligated to the bcl-2 locus. Since Southern blot demonstrated that both alleles of JH were rearranged, this translocation was suggested to have occurred at the step of VH-DH, or DH-DHJH recombination, one step later than that of DH-JH recombination where the common pattern of bcl-2 rearrangement generally occurs. Cases that showed comigration with JH fragment were also studied by polymerase chain reaction with 5' bcl-2 oligomer and 3' JH consensus anti-sense oligomer since it has been demonstrated that bcl-2 translocation at the major breakpoint clustering region (mbr) in American cases clusters within an about 150 bp region in the mbr. The results demonstrated that four out of five cases studied were amplified, indicating that the same clustering mechanism exists for Japanese cases. The present study, together with our previous report on Ig kappa-bcl-2, indicated that bcl-2 translocation in Japanese B cell lymphomas might occur at a later stage of B cell development, as compared with that in American cases. Less involvement of bcl-2 in Japanese B cell lymphoma may also be in part explainable by low susceptibility to bcl-2 rearrangement at the step of DH-JH recombination.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Dual effect of glycine on isolated rat suprachiasmatic neurons.

Pharmacological properties of strychnine-sensitive and -insensitive glycine receptors have been investigated in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons. Because the SCN neurons were too small for stable intracellular recordings by the glass-microelectrode technique, a conventional whole cell mode patch-clamp technique was employed on the acutely dissociated SCN neurons. Dissociated SCN neurons were morphologically heterogeneous and could be distinguished into several types. All cells responded to glycine in a concentration-dependent manner. The glycine-induced current was primarily Cl- sensitive and competitively blocked by strychnine. The SCN neurons also responded to excitatory amino acids: glutamate, quisqualate, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Responses to glutamate and aspartate, which are endogenous neurotransmitter candidates, were enhanced by adding glycine. Glycine especially augmented the maximum response to NMDA in a full concentration range. 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) did not suppress the strychnine-sensitive glycine response but did suppress the strychnine-insensitive NMDA response in a competitive manner for glycine. The results suggest that glycine influences neural activity in the SCN as a classical inhibitory neurotransmitter and an excitatory neuromodulator.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Metabolic fate of bufalin in rats].

In an attempt to evaluate the metabolic fate of "Kyushin", which is a traditional medicine containing Toad venom, a 3H-labeled compound of bufalin, which is one of the main active components, has been synthesized. The metabolic fate of the 3H-bufalin was studied after its single and repeated oral administration in rats. After a single administration of the 3H-bufalin (20 micrograms/kg), the radioactivity in the blood reached a maximum level at 15 min. The radioactivity in the blood declined in a triphasic manner with half-life times of 18 min, 2.6 and 86 h. Within 24 h after the single administration, the excretion of the radioactivity into the urine and feces amounted to 1.3% and 81% of the administered dose, respectively. Tissue radioactivity was higher in the stomach, small intestine, liver, lung, kidney and pancreas, while the radioactivity in other tissues was lower than that in blood. Radioactivity disappeared rapidly from any tissues. In case of repeated administration for 14 d, the disposition of radioactivity was almost same as the result after a single dosing, and radioactivity scarcely remained in any tissues after the last administration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

[Metabolic fate of bufalin and cinobufagin].

In the course of study of the metabolic fate of "Kyushin", a traditional medicine containing toad venom, the metabolic fates of bufalin and cinobufagin, main constituents of toad venom, have been studied. Six metabolites were detected in the extracts from incubation mixture of rat liver slice with bufalin, and one main metabolite shown by mass spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to be 3 alpha-bufalin. Serum levels of bufalin and 3 alpha-bufalin were determined by HPLC after oral administration of 2000 micrograms/kg of bufalin, and both compounds appeared in the rat serum. On the other hand, only 3 alpha-bufalin appeared after administration of 20 or 200 micrograms/kg. 3 alpha-Bufalin levels increased dose dependently. Serum levels of cinobufagin and its metabolites and digitoxin were compared after repeated intravenous administration (5 h interval) of cinobufagin or digitoxin. Although digitoxin was accumulated in the rat serum, cinobufagin and its metabolites were not. Inhibitory activities of metabolites of bufalin and cinobufagin on (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase were less than those of original compounds.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

[Pharmacological studies of reiousan which contains bezoar and ginseng: III. Effects on experimental cerebral ischemia].

Pharmacological effects of Reiousan, a crude drug preparation consisting of bezoar and ginseng, on experimental cerebral ischemia and anoxia were studied. After administration of Reiousan, the survival time of mice subjected to hypobaric hypoxia and the gasping duration of isolated rat head tended to increase. Reiousan inhibited all the following: lipid peroxides production in rat brain homogenate, tissue swelling induced by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system in rat brain cortical slices, rat brain swelling induced by freezing, lipid peroxides production in the rat brain after ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries, and lipid peroxides production in Mongolian gerbil brain after reperfusion following ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries. These effects may result from antioxidant activity of bilirubin, a constituent of bezoar.

Animals↗