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Biomedical subjects

C Hyde

Publications and source records attributed to C Hyde.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Some clinical and methodological implications of a treatment outcome study of sexually abused children.

The clinical implications of the results of a treatment outcome study are presented for 47 sexually abused children and adolescents attending a specialist psychiatric facility. The children and their nonabusing parents or caregivers were randomly assigned to contrasting treatment programs. The treatment focused on family members allocating blame for the abuse appropriately, optimizing family relationships, and dealing with causes and effects of the abuse. Clinicians rated the children and the mothers on 12 family treatment aims before and after treatment; on the same occasion additional standardized measures were used to assess behavior and mental state of the children and mental state of the mothers. On the standardized measures mothers made more significant progress than their children in the year of treatment, but there were no effects of type of treatment on the progress made by mothers or children. By contrast, clinical ratings suggested that those following the additional group work made better progress than those following the treatment without group work. The implications of these results for the clinical programs are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The type and quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in UK public health journals.

BACKGROUND: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are increasingly being used to evaluate the effectiveness of health care interventions. Systematic reviews of RCTs form the basis of the Cochrane Collaboration, which aims to synthesize all RCTs concerned with the provision of health care. This paper reports the quantity and methodological quality of RCTs published in five UK public health journals, which were searched as part of a planned register of RCTs in public health. METHODS: Five journals were hand searched: The International Journal of Epidemiology, Health Trends, Journal of Public Health Medicine, Public Health and The Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. All RCTs were identified and their methodological characteristics reviewed. RESULTS: Ninety-one trials were identified from the five journals. A wide variety of topics were covered, the most common being prevention strategies )46 percent of the trials). Although the actual number of reports of RCTs published increased over time, there was no detectable improvement in the quality of reports. The aspect of bias most well controlled was control of bias at entry (randomization), in 83 (91 per cent) of trials. However, even in these trials details about the process of randomization were poor. CONCLUSION: These trials will form the basis of a register of RCTs in public health. The diversity of topics covered illustrates the broad-based nature of public health. For this reason, many other RCTs relevant to the practice of public health are likely to be found in non-public health journals.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

A motif in human histidyl-tRNA synthetase which is shared among several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is a coiled-coil that is essential for enzymatic activity and contains the major autoantigenic epitope.

In myositis, disease-specific autoantibodies may be directed against an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, usually histidyl-tRNA synthetase. To explore the basis for this phenomenon, we have made recombinant histidyl-tRNA synthetase in the baculovirus system. It was enzymatically active and recognized by human autoantibodies. A truncated protein lacking the first 60 amino acids was inactive as an antigen and as an enzyme. This region is within the first two exons, is predicted to have a coiled-coil configuration, and is found in some other synthetases but not in Escherichia coli or yeast histidyl-tRNA synthetase. Circular dichroism showed that the peptides from this region (amino acids 1-60 and 1-47) have the predicted high alpha-helical content, but smaller fragments (1-30, 14-45, and 31-60) do not. The peptides with a high alpha-helical content could inhibit autoantibodies almost completely, whereas the smaller peptides were unable to do so. The amino acid sequence of this coiled-coil domain in human histidyl-tRNA synthetase resembles the sequence of the extended this coiled-coil arm near the NH2 terminus of bacterial seryl-tRNA synthetase as well as similar regions in some eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, raising the possibility that this domain serves a similar tRNA-stabilizing role and has been preserved from a common ancestor.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Clinical correlates of high-intensity transient signals detected on transcranial Doppler sonography in patients with cerebrovascular disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: High-intensity transient signals detected by transcranial Doppler sonography have been associated with particulate cerebral emboli. Their clinical correlates are poorly understood. This study was undertaken to assess their relation to cerebral ischemia and to determine whether the severity of cerebral arterial stenosis has an impact on their occurrence. METHODS: We studied 96 arteries in 75 consecutive patients with extracranial or intracranial arterial lesions or potential cardiac sources of cerebral embolism. Sixty patients had histories of cerebral or retinal transient ischemic attacks or infarcts, and 15 were asymptomatic. The diagnosis of ischemia was based on the clinical presentation and was supported by extensive laboratory testing. A transcranial Doppler sonography unit equipped with special software for emboli detection was used. Signals were selected based on criteria established a priori. RESULTS: Signals were detected in the territories of 28.3% of symptomatic and 11.6% of asymptomatic arteries. The difference was significant (P = .045). When patients with suspected cardiac embolic sources were excluded, the difference between symptomatic (27.9%) and asymptomatic (2.9%) arteries remained significant (P = .003), and signals were more frequent distal to arteries with more than 50% area stenosis (23.5%) than arteries with stenoses equal to or less than 50% (3.7%) (P = .028). In patients with only extracranial internal carotid artery stenoses, the difference between these degrees of stenosis remained significant (P = .043). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that high-intensity transient signals are significantly more common in the territories of symptomatic arteries and distal to lesions causing more than 50% stenosis. These findings may have diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Adrenal hemangioma: an unusual adrenal mass delineated with magnetic resonance imaging.

Adrenal hemangioma should be included in the differential diagnosis of any large calcified adrenal mass. We report to our knowledge the eighth surgically removed lesion and describe its appearance on magnetic resonance imaging. This imaging includes features seen in hemangiomas elsewhere, in particular a heterogeneous mass with enhancing peripheral high intensity foci on T1 images.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

Correlation of transcranial Doppler and noninvasive tests with angiography in the evaluation of extracranial carotid disease.

To evaluate the usefulness of transcranial Doppler sonography in determining severity of extracranial carotid disease, we compared transcranial Doppler, ocular pneumoplethysmography, Doppler spectral analysis, and duplex scanning data to information derived from cerebral angiography. Fifty-one consecutive patients with unilateral extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis or occlusion were selected. Transcranial Doppler indexes included the peak systolic flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery ipsilateral to the stenosed internal carotid artery (iMCAFV), the difference between the peak systolic flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery ipsilateral and contralateral to the stenosed internal carotid artery (dMCAFV), and the peak systolic flow velocity in the anterior cerebral artery contralateral to the stenosed internal carotid artery (cACAFV). The minimal residual lumen determined angiographically was used as the index of internal carotid artery stenosis. Linear regression analysis with minimal residual lumen as the dependent variable and transcranial Doppler and noninvasive tests as independent variables showed the following correlation coefficients: (1) dMCAFV and cACAFV, R2 = 0.3170; (2) ocular pneumoplethysmography, R2 = 0.4798; (3) dMCAFV, cACAFV, delta ocular pneumoplethysmography, duplex scanning, and spectral analysis R2 = 0.6382; (4) ocular pneumoplethysmography, duplex scanning, and spectral analysis, R2 = 0.6491; (5) iMCAFV, no association. These results were supported by sensitivity and specificity as well as bivariate analysis. We conclude that transcranial Doppler did not significantly add to the information obtained by our noninvasive battery of tests in the evaluation of unilateral extracranial carotid disease.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1987

The evaluation of a hostel ward. A controlled study using modified cost-benefit analysis.

A controlled modified cost-benefit evaluation of a hostel ward caring for new long-stay patients is described and results are presented for the first two years. In some respects the residents of the hostel ward had fewer psychotic impairments than those remaining on the wards of the district general hospital, mainly because the latter seem to continue to acquire such defects, while the former have remained relatively unchanged. The hostel ward residents also develop superior domestic skills, use more facilities in the community, and are more likely to be engaged in constructive activities than controls. These advantages were not purchased at a price, since the cost of providing this form of care for these patients has cost less than care provided by the district general hospital.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Douglas House: a new type of hostel ward for chronic psychotic patients.

A new type of hostel ward is described in which domestic activities take the place of attendance at a day centre or industrial workshop. Residents no longer depend on the institution for meals, cleaning, or social activities. The programme is resident-orientated, and individual treatment plans are designed and effected using a points system. The emphasis of group activities is on communication and living skills. The hostel ward is able to care for our most disabled patients who are thought to need 24-hour nursing care.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1983

Labelling and drug effects in the treatment of neurotic affective disorders: an experimental investigation.

This study investigates the effects of assigned diagnostic labels, with their accompanying predictions of therapeutic response, and prescribed psychotropic drugs. It was thought that such 'labelling' effects might be important in ambiguous situations, such as neurotic anxiety-depressive states, where diagnoses of 'reactive depression' or 'anxiety state' might justifiably be made and treatment with either diazepam or nortriptyline legitimately given. The depression label and its concomitant two-weekly prediction of improvement with antidepressants produced a set towards slower response with higher self-report depression. Nortriptyline produced significantly more improvement in self-report depression than diazepam in the first 2 weeks of treatment. No significant interaction effects were detected between diagnosis or drug. One month after the initial diagnostic evaluation there were no significant effects from either diagnostic label or drug.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Morphometric analysis of thyrotropes in developing and cycling female rats: studies of intact pituitaries and cell fractions separated by centrifugal elutriation.

The development and morphology of immunocytochemically stained thyrotropes were studied in sections of intact pituitaries and dissociated cell fractions separated by centrifugal elutriation. In the initial cell suspension from six elutriation experiments, adult female rat thyrotropes were 4.8 +/- 0.5% (+/- SE) of the cell population. Correlative morphometric studies of Araldite- or glycol methacrylate-embedded pituitaries showed that there were no changes in the percentage of thyrotropes with the stage of the estrous cycle and that the percentage of thyrotropes (5.14 +/- 0.4%) was not significantly different from the percentages in the initial cell suspension. TSH cell area fraction (a) measurements (with a 10,000-microns 2 ocular grid) showed that adult rat thyrotropes covered 171 +/- 5 microns 2 of the grid area and averaged 15 microns in diameter. In neonatal rats, thyrotropes were half the a of those in the adult for the first 9 days of life. Thereafter, they expanded, and the a reached adult levels by 20-21 days of development. TSH cell percentages remained 2-3 times adult levels throughout postnatal development (2-22 days). This developmental pattern contrasted with that in the male, which showed adult percentages of thyrotropes by 15 days of age. In the elutriation experiments from adult rats, thyrotropes were 2- to 4-fold more concentrated in the fractions eluted at 37.0 ml/min or greater, which contained the largest cells. Fraction 7 (39.5 ml/min) showed a 2-fold enrichment of thyrotropes to 11.6 +/- 1.4%, and fraction 8 showed a 4-fold enrichment to 19.6 +/- 2.7%. A few small TSH cells were found in the fractions 1-3, eluted at 11.8-19.5 ml/min. Electron microscopic studies showed that some of these small TSH cells were poorly granulated and difficult to distinguish from small gonadotropes, whereas the large thyrotropes resembled those described previously in the adult or developing male rat. These studies, thus, combine techniques of immunocytochemistry, morphometrics, and cell separation by elutriation to describe TSH cells in the female rat pituitary. Our findings agree with those reported by Denef et al., who showed that thyrotropes in the adult male rat are among the largest cells in the pituitary. The few small thyrotropes in the female rat may be equivalent to the prolific cells described by Leuschen et al. in the male rat that enrich monolayers from these fractions after 7 days in culture.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Heterogeneous luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone storage patterns in subtypes of gonadotropes separated by centrifugal elutriation.

The application of centrifugal elutriation to the separation of pituitary cells has produced a fraction that is enriched with LH and FSH gonadotropes. In this study, stains were performed on serial sections of fractions taken from six elutriation experiments with 1:10,000-1:30,000 anti-bLH beta or 1:2,000-1:8,000 anti-hFSH beta and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique. Over 900 serially sectioned gonadotropes were analyzed. In the initial cell suspensions, 59.6% of the gonadotropes contained both LH and FSH; 18% contained LH, and 23% contained FSH. Fewer than 3% contained ACTH. The elutriation fractions contained several subtypes of gonadotropes. A few small (8 micron), poorly granulated LH or FSH cells were eluted with the smallest cells (10-12%) at flow rates of 15.7 ml/min. Medium sized gonadotropes (10-10.5 micron) that eluted at flow rates of 19.8-30.5 ml/min were infrequent (3-6%) and resembled the larger gonadotrope. An analysis of serially sectioned fields showed that only 15.2%-22% of the small and medium sized gonadotropes contained both LH and FSH, whereas 30-40% contained only LH and 46-50% stored only FSH. The gonadotrope-enriched fraction was eluted at 37-39.5 ml/min; 78% of these gonadotropes (diameter, 14-15 micron) contained both LH and FSH, 10% contained only LH, and 12% contained FSH. Finally, large cells (diameter, 15-16 micron) that contained FSH only were found in the Wash fraction. These studies demonstrate that smaller gonadotropes tend to store only one of the hormones whereas most of the larger cells either store LH and FSH together or FSH alone. These heterogeneous storage patterns may correlate with studies by others who measured different responses to GnRH in gonadotropes separated by size on a unit gravity sedimentation gradient. They may also reflect different secretory phases of gonadotropes from the mixed group of cycling female rats.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1978

The value of feedback in teaching interviewing skills to medical students.

Forty-eight medical students took part in a study to assess the value of giving students some feedback about their interviewing skills. During the study they all received training from their clinical firms. In addition, 36 of the students received 1 of 3 types of feedback training. This was given by tutors who used television replays, audiotape replays or ratings of practice interviews conducted by the students. As in previous studies there was little improvement in the interviewing skills of those students who only received training from their clinical firms. In contrast, all 3 feedback groups improved their ability to elicit accurate and relevant information. However, only the television and audiotape groups also showed gains in techniques. While the differences between these 2 groups were not significant, they all favoured the television group.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1978

Abuse of indigenous psilocybin mushrooms: a new fashion and some psychiatric complications.

The use for hallucinogenic purposes of an indigenous mushroom, Psilocybe semilanceata indigenous to Britain is reported in three patients. Typical psychedelic, transient psychotic and more prolonged schizophrenia-like states were seen, with sympathomimetic signs noted in two cases, in one being prolonged. Enquiry about such mushroom abuse should be considered in individuals presenting to medical or psychiatric emergency clinics.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A male MZ twin pair, concordant for transsexualism, discordant for schizophrenia.

A pair of male monozygous twins of gynandromorphic habitus but normal male body hair and genitalia, who appear concordant for transsexualism and explosive personality disorder but discordant for schizophrenia, is presented. No evidence of specific family dynamic factors, imitative learning or folie a deux was found in the twins' history. A constitutional aetiology of their transsexualism and one twin's schizophrenia is suggested. The relationship between transsexualism and schizophrenia is briefly reviewed. No evidence can be found that the modal transsexual is suffering from a schizophrenic disorder, florid or attenuated. A more subtle relationship is possible of transsexualism occurring as a schizophrenic spectrum disorder. This twin pair appears to illustrate such a relationship.

Adult↗