The different versions of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.
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Depressive Disorder↗
Biomedical subjects
C Hooijer
Publications and source records attributed to C Hooijer.
Reliability, validity and follow-up of the EEG in senile dementia: sequelae of sequential measurement.
In a longitudinal study, slowing of the EEG in SDAT patients and elderly controls is investigated using both visual and power spectral analyses. For this a reliability study in 20 SDAT patients is performed and results for intra-rater, inter-rater and test-retest reliability (in 24 h) are used in the selection of parameters. Next, the diagnostic efficacy of the chosen parameters for SDAT is confirmed in a validity study in 43 SDAT patients, 41 elderly non-organic psychiatric patients and 51 elderly normals. In the longitudinal study 78 of these subjects could be retested after 20 months. The parameter for visual analysis appeared to be superior in actually showing a progress of slowing of the EEG in 20/21 SDAT patients over time. The parameter for power spectral analysis was superior in measuring the more subtle processes in the normal elderly. Results of these studies are used to discuss some problems in the measurement of EEG in SDAT over time.
Aged↗
[The Geriatric Mental Status Schedule, the GMS: psychiatric tool in psychogeriatrics].
An instrument in geriatric psychiatry, the GMS, is introduced. The use of measurement in psychiatry is briefly touched upon. The use of standardized interview like the GMS mainly serves differential diagnosis in psychiatry. The essence of this method is that questions and the appraisal of answers are submitted to rules and regulations. The application of this method in geriatric psychiatry is still in its infancy. The history of the GMS and the choice of maternal instruments following international consensus is described. In former investigations results of reliability and validity studies were satisfactory. In our own Dutch investigation reliability and validity in the (differential) diagnosis of senile dementia were consistent with those of previous studies. Some claims and restrictions in the application of the instrument are discussed.
Aged↗
Anterior temporal focal abnormalities in EEG in normal aged subjects; correlations with psychopathological and CT brain scan findings.
Normal aged subjects (65-83 years) were examined by EEG and CT brain scan; also a Geriatric Mental Scale (GMS) and Neuropsychologic Assessment Battery were administered. Based on the EEG findings 2 subgroups could be distinguished: one with focal abnormalities in the left fronto-temporal region and one without these focal abnormalities. The focal delta subgroup proved to perform poorly on the Fluency Test, a simple quick bedside, but very sensitive, test for word association productivity. Also this subgroup showed more ventricular dilatation than the non-focal group. Therefore slight left-sided antero-temporal abnormalities in normal aged subjects are not irrelevant but an early (subclinical) sign of temporal lobe pathology as expressed in deterioration of language function.
Aged↗
Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in senile dementia (Alzheimer type) and in non-organic behavioural disorders in the elderly; comparison with EEG parameters.
Forty-two patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type were compared with normal subjects (51) and with elderly patients with nonorganic psychiatric disorders (40). All were examined by EEG (routine visual inspection and power spectrum density analysis) and VEP (pattern reversal) testing. In dementia the late components (N130, P165, N220) of the VEP are delayed, but the EEG was abnormal more often than the VEP.
Aged↗
Somatosensory evoked potentials in healthy volunteers and in patients with dementia.
In 56 healthy volunteers short, middle and long latency somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded bilaterally. The median nerve was electrically stimulated at the wrist. The impact of arm length and age on the peak latencies of the identified SEP components was investigated. Arm length relates to shoulder and neck SEP and to the N20, the primary cortical response. Age relates to all components of the SEP. A pilot study was performed in a small number of patients with senile dementia. A significant delay of the middle and long latency potentials compared to healthy volunteers was shown.
Adult↗
[Multidisciplinary diagnosis of dementia and non-dementia behavior disorders in the aged. Preliminary study for research on its course and prognosis].
The need to differentiate between dementia and the so-called functional psychiatric diseases of old age is of therapeutic as well as social importance. The main symptoms of dementia--lack of memory, disorientation and cognitive disturbances--are much less clearly defined than would be desirable, despite the neuropathological changes regarded as underlying senile dementia. The disease does not always have a progressive course. Confusion is also possible with other forms of dementia, while the symptoms of dementia can also be found in so-called functional psychiatric diseases. On the basis of the literature and/of our own research, it appears that a sharper definition of senile dementia is possible. Besides clinical criteria one can make use of--partly recently introduced--diagnostic techniques, specifically a structured psychiatric interview for old people, a neuropsychological testbattery, EEG, visual evoked response techniques and CT-brain scanning. The value of these diagnostic techniques for the diagnosis and the assessment of the prognosis of senile dementia can only be determined in a follow-up study. The set-up of such a follow-up study is described.
Aged↗
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS); changes in scores as a function of training and version used.
The co-existence of different versions of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) may introduce a source of error in depression research. In a training procedure, based on 16 videotapes, over 900 scores were used to investigate differences between two prominent versions. The HDRS published by Bech et al. in 1986 produced significantly lower total scores than the original HDRS presented by Hamilton in 1960. Previous experience of the raters, both in psychiatry and in the use of the scale, increased the scores in a nonsignificant way. During the training raters' scores increased significantly. These effects were small, one point each in the total scores, but they were consistent throughout our material. In depression research, training procedures and the exact version of the scales used should be specified.
Adult↗
Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease in community-dwelling elderly: a comparison of EEG and MRI.
In a study on the course of cognitive impairment in people over 65 years of age, 58 randomly selected community dwelling elderly underwent EEG and MRI studies. The EEG was visually and quantitatively (qEEG) assessed. Nine out of 58 subjects appeared to have Alzheimer dementia (AD) according to CAMDEX criteria. In this group medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI, as an objective criterium for AD, showed a total accuracy of 72%, visually assessed EEG 81% and qEEG 81-84%. There was an incomplete overlap in subjects regarding MRI and EEG abnormalities, implying that both methods may be complementary.
Aged↗