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Biomedical subjects

C Hayward

Publications and source records attributed to C Hayward.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Monoclonal antibodies to cystic fibrosis antigen.

A series of monoclonal antibodies has been prepared against a granulocyte antigen previously shown to be present in the serum of individuals homozygous or heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene. The specificity of the monoclonals was established by their ability to remove the antigen (CF antigen) from serum. The monoclonals defined at least two epitope regions on CF antigen, thus permitting the establishment of a two-site sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using the ELISA significant differences in levels of CF antigen were demonstrated in serum samples from CF homozygotes, CF heterozygotes and normal controls.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1986

Inter-relatedness of some isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 from rat, rabbit and human, determined with monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies have been raised to rat liver cytochromes P-450 b and c, and rabbit liver cytochrome P-450 form 4. A total of six antibodies have been studied. Each antibody reacted strongly both with its homologous antigen and with microsomal fractions selectively enriched with that antigen by treatment of animals with inducing compounds. However, several of the antibodies showed cross-reactivity, either within or between species. A combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoadsorption, Western blotting and competitive radioimmunoassay revealed that each of the antibodies reacted with a different epitope. Proteolytic digestion of antigen followed by Western blotting of the peptide fragments enabled antibodies, otherwise identical in their reactivity, to be distinguished. It is concluded that complex structural relationships exist amongst the different isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 and that epitope mapping will help in characterizing both animal and human cytochromes P-450.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for human lactoferrin.

Monoclonal antibodies against human lactoferrin define at least 3 and possibly as many as 6 different epitopes. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay, using monoclonals against different epitopes, has been optimised for the measurement of serum lactoferrin. In 35 samples from healthy adults the mean lactoferrin content of serum from blood clotted overnight was 0.54 +/- 0.26 micrograms/ml.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Prospective prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

An immunoassay based on monoclonal antibodies with specificity for the three major isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has been used in second-trimester prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). 140 pregnancies with a 1-in-4 risk of CF were assessed prospectively, and outcomes are reported for 100 of these. In 9 cases the diagnosis could not be confirmed or excluded, in 65 cases the infant was normal, and in 15 the infant had CF. In the remaining 11 cases, in which the pregnancy was terminated, the diagnosis of CF was confirmed in the abortus by measurement of albumin and protease levels in meconium scraped from the fetal ileum. Of the 26 cases of CF in the prospective series, 23 (88%) had values of intestinal ALP below half the median value for the corresponding week of gestation. Among those with normal outcomes 3 of 65 (4.6%) were below half-median. When prospective and retrospective data are summed the sensitivity of the test was 91% (39 of 43) and the false-positive rate 6% (5 of 81). This is probably an acceptable form of prenatal diagnosis of CF for the high-risk mother.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1985

A monoclonal antibody raised to rat liver cytochrome P-448 (form C) which recognises an epitope common to many other forms of cytochrome P-450.

A murine monoclonal antibody has been raised against a partially purified preparation of hepatic cytochrome P-448 (form c) from beta-naphthoflavone-treated rats. The monoclonal origin of the antibody was established by limiting dilution culture and isoelectricfocusing. The antibody has been designated 3/4/2. It reacts with apparently homogeneous cytochrome P-448 from rat liver in solid phase assay. It also cross reacts with a number of other cytochromes P-450, from rat and rabbit. In addition, a positive reaction was obtained with microsomal fractions from a variety of species, including man. None of the species tested was negative. The antibody does not react appreciably with purified haemoproteins other than cytochromes P-450. Antibody 3/4/2 is not inhibitory, either in reconstituted systems or with intact microsomal fraction. However, evidence was obtained that the antibody does cause some perturbation of the tertiary structure of the apoprotein at or near the haem.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis by assay of amniotic fluid microvillar enzymes.

Activities of the microvillar enzymes gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP), aminopeptidase M (APM), phosphodiesterase and maltase have been examined in second-trimester amniotic fluid as possible aids to the early prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). The two peptidases, GGTP and APM, gave best results. If the fifth percentile of the normal range is used as an action line, the sensitivity of a positive test (low GGTP value) is 78% and the predictability 84%. At the tenth percentile the sensitivity is 100% and the predictability 77%. These approximate figures apply only to pregnancies where there has been a previous affected child. Until the primary protein defect in CF is discovered, this may prove an acceptable form of prenatal diagnosis to the high-risk mother.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed1984

A pilot evaluation of radiography of the acute abdomen.

A pilot study to assess the value of abdominal films in acute surgical admissions was undertaken. The effect of chest and abdominal radiographs on the initial management of 100 consecutive patients was assessed. A management change of 10% was found and the implications are discussed. Patients with non-specific abdominal pain and women under 40 years of age had normal radiography. Pregnancy should first be excluded in the latter group.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1984

Transfontanellar ultrasound of term infants.

Transfontanellar ultrasound scans were performed on 96 term infants admitted to a special care baby unit. Thirty infants had abnormal scans; abnormalities detected included intracranial haemorrhage, hydrocephalus and fluid collections. Intracranial haemorrhage is less common in term than in pre-term infants but is generally associated with a worse prognosis. Clinically asymptomatic infants were demonstrated to have significant abnormalities. It is suggested that ultrasound scanning should be the initial neuroradiological investigation in this age group and all term infants in a special care unit should be routinely scanned.

Arteriovenous Malformations↗
PubMed1984

Immunoreactive trypsin and the prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

Immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) was measured by radioimmunoassay in a series of amniotic fluids obtained at between 15 and 19 weeks from pregnancies with a 1-in-4 risk of fetal cystic fibrosis. IRT concentrations were significantly depressed in nine affected pregnancies, but the degree of overlap with the normal range was too great for this to be useful in early prenatal diagnosis. Furthermore, in one fetus, presumed to have cystic fibrosis, the fetal plasma IRT concentration was within the normal range.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1984

Hospital space planning: what happened to all the magic numbers?

"Magic numbers" and user "wish lists" have traditionally been used to determine space needs in health care institutions. Today, however, combining functional and space planning to yield a space program that integrates with the facility's long-range strategic plan can be accomplished through a user needs approach. These three approaches are discussed in light of their positive and negative aspects and their contributions to the planning process. In particular, a methodology for examining a department's potential "space generators" is provided. Along with this methodology is the reasoning behind beginning the detailed analysis early in the planning process.

Health Services Needs and Demand↗
PubMed1983

Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis by methylumbelliferylguanidinobenzoate protease titration in amniotic fluid.

Amniotic fluids were obtained from 19 mothers who had previously given birth to a child with cystic fibrosis. Measurement of methylumbelliferylguanidinobenzoate (MUGB) reactive proteases suggested that all 19 would have unaffected babies. Amongst the first 10 cases to come to term there were 5 infants with cystic fibrosis. It is concluded that MUGB protease titration is not suitable for the early prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1983

The influence of trait and physical-feature-based orienting strategies on aspects of facial memory.

This paper describes a series of incidental learning experiments in which facial memory is assessed following either a 'connotative feature' task (how likable is this person?) or a 'distinctive feature task' (what is the most prominent physical feature of this face?). Subjects saw each target face in a different environmental setting (e.g. pub, carpark) and their memory was tested in two ways: an old/new recognition test, in which each target face was presented in mugshot form (i.e. devoid of the original context), and a second context recall or recognition test in which subjects' ability to remember the environmental context in which each face had appeared was examined. The results showed five important findings: (1) subjects performed the connotative task significantly faster than the distinctive features task; (2) recognition accuracy measured in various ways was identical in the two orienting conditions; (3) recognition latencies to targets and distractors in the yes/no recognition test were significantly faster following connotative processing; (4) recognition latencies to target faces presented in context during learning were significantly faster than targets initially presented devoid of context following connotative processing but not following distinctive features orientation; and (5) context recall and recognition were significantly and substantially higher following connotative processing. These data are discussed in terms of Winograd's (1981) assertion that connotative and physical-feature-based orienting tasks induce the same type of encoding.

Attention↗
PubMed1982

Controlled trial of serum isoelectric focusing in the detection of the cystic fibrosis gene.

Three independent observers assessed the discriminating power of serum isoelectric focusing in detecting the presence of the cystic fibrosis gene. On the basis of average scores, four out of 23 cystic fibrosis patients, six out of 22 heterozygotes, and three out of 16 controls were misclassified. However, the mean scores for the cystic fibrosis and heterozygote groups were significantly different to that for the control group. It is concluded that isoelectric focusing is insufficiently reliable to be used for diagnosis or heterozygote detection in cystic fibrosis, but that it does provide evidence for the presence of a protein associated with the mutant gene.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1982

Quantitative immunoassays for diagnosis and carrier detection in cystic fibrosis.

Quantitative immunoprecipitation and immunoradiometric assays have been developed for a protein present in the serum of cystic fibrosis homozygotes, and to a lesser extent in the serum of heterozygotes. When tested on a panel of sera from 14 cystic fibrosis patients, 29 heterozygotes and 23 controls, the immunoprecipitation assay allowed correct assignments to be made on 94% of occasions with one batch of antiserum and 95% with another. With the same panel of sera, the immunoradiometric assay allowed 94% correct assignments. It is suggested that such accuracy is the maximum that can be expected in the present state of knowledge of cystic fibrosis.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1980

Gel electrophoresis of amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase as an aid to the prenatal diagnosis of fetal defects.

The presence of absence of a specific acetylcholinesterase (AChE) band was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 272 second trimester amniotic fluid samples. The AChE band was absent from 176 normal samples, including seven which had been scored as false positives by alphafetoprotein (AFP) assay. It was present in all 30 samples from open neural tube defects, of which four had been scored as false negatives by AFP assay. In remaining 66 pregnancies with abnormal outcome, an AChE band was in general present when AFP was raised and absent when it was normal. However, all six cases of congenital nephrosis had raised AFP and no AChE band, while two of 30 pregnancies ending in spontaneous abortion had an AChE band and normal AFP. These results suggest that AChE electrophoresis is a valuable confirmatory technique for the early prenatal diagnosis of fetal abnormalities.

Acetylcholinesterase↗