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C Hassager

Publications and source records attributed to C Hassager.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

[Relation between common allelic variation in a cross-sectional longitudinal population study. Vitamin D receptor locus, bone mineral density and postmenopausal bone loss].

The aim of this study was to determine whether common allelic variation at the vitamin D receptor locus is related to bone mineral density and postmenopausal bone loss. Five hundred and ninety-nine healthy women aged 27 to 72 and 125 women with low bone mass aged 55-77 were measured once in a cross-sectional design. Furthermore, 136 women aged 45-54 were followed longitudinally for 18 years. The vitamin D receptor genotypes were determined using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis for three different polymorphic restriction sites (BsmI, ApaI and TaqI). Bone mineral density was measured by photon and X-ray absorptiometry. The cross-sectional study showed no significant relationship between vitamin D receptor genotype and bone mineral density. The maximum difference between homozygotes was 1.3%, P = 0.33, N = 723. The low bone mineral density group had virtually the same genotype frequencies as the normal bone mineral density group. The results of the longitudinal study showed that vitamin D receptor genotype was neither related to early postmenopausal bone loss: age 51-53 (total bone loss at the lower forearm: -3.6% [3.6%], mean [standard deviation]), late postmenopausal bone loss: age 63-69 (total bone loss at the hip: -6.2% [8.7%]) nor to long term postmenopausal bone loss: age 51-69 (total bone loss at the lower forearm: -24.5% [11.4%]). Using analysis of variance to test for differences in the rates of bone loss between the vitamin D receptor genotypes, P values ranged from 0.07 to 0.79. We conclude that common allelic variation at the vitamin D receptor locus as defined by the endonucleases ApaI, BsmI and TaqI is neither related to bone mineral density nor to the rate of bone loss in healthy postmenopausal Danish women.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Body composition and fat distribution measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in premenopausal and postmenopausal insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.

The study aim was to measure body composition and fat distribution in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with insulin-dependent ([IDDM] n = 53) and non-insulin-dependent ([NIDDM] n = 32) diabetes mellitus by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. IDDM and NIDDM patients had similar, normal lean tissue mass (LTM) and 24-hour urinary excretion of creatinine. Total body and abdominal fat percentages were higher in the NIDDM group (approximately 40%) than in the IDDM group (-27%, P < .001) and were constant with age and menopausal status in both groups. In postmenopausal patients with IDDM, total body and abdominal fat values were less than in postmenopausal healthy women (approximately 27% v approximately 37%, P < .001). In premenopausal patients with NIDDM, total body and abdominal fat were higher than in premenopausal healthy women (approximately 42% v approximately 25%, P < .001). In conclusion, women with IDDM or NIDDM have a normal LTM and probably a normal muscle mass. Total body and abdominal fat were higher for women with NIDDM than for those with IDDM.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1998

Leptin in overweight postmenopausal women: no relationship with metabolic syndrome X or effect of exercise in addition to diet.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of diet with exercise on serum leptin and whether leptin is associated with the metabolic syndrome X in a high risk population such as overweight postmenopausal women. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: 121 healthy overweight, postmenopausal women (aged 49-58y, body mass index (BMI) 25-42 kg/m2) were randomized to: A low-energy-diet, 4.2 MJ/d (n = 51), low-energy-diet + standardized physical exercise (n=49) or no intervention (control: n=21) for 12 weeks, followed by 6 months follow-up without intervention. MEASUREMENTS: S-leptin was measured by Radio Immuno Assay (RIA), body composition and fat distribution by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and anthropometry. Factors associated with the metabolic syndrome X and sex hormones were measured. RESULTS: S-leptin was two-fold higher than in normal-weight postmenopausal women and S-leptin was normalized after weight loss induced by the 12-week low-energy-diet, without any additive effect of the exercise. Of the factors associated with the metabolic syndrome X, serum-leptin correlated significantly only with sex-hormone-binding-globulin and plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1, whereas factors associated with obesity per se correlated significantly with leptin. Changes in S-leptin correlated with changes in fat tissue mass during the follow-up, but not during the intervention. S-leptin at baseline did not correlate with either short term or long term weight loss. CONCLUSION: There is no effect of exercise added to diet on S-leptin in overweight postmenopausal women. Leptin does not seem to be associated with the metabolic syndrome X, but rather with fatness. S-leptin is probably associated with both dynamic and static effects of adipose tissue. S-leptin did not predict weight loss.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1998

The role of quantitative ultrasound in the assessment of bone: a review.

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) bone measurement is a promising, relatively new technique for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Unlike to the more established method of bone densitometry [measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) e.g. using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)], QUS does not use ionizing radiation. It is cheaper, takes up less space and is easier to use than densitometry techniques. The two QUS parameters currently measured are broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS). The reported age-related changes for healthy women range from -0.27% to -1.62% per year for BUA and from -0.06% to -0.19% per year for SOS. Precision ranges from 1.0 to 3.8% (CV) for BUA and from 0.19 to 0.30% (CV) for SOS. The new method of imaging ultrasound has improved the precision of QUS measurements. QUS is significantly correlated with BMD. Studies with the latest equipment have shown r-values between 0.6 and 0.9 in site-specific measurements, and QUS is thus believed to reflect mainly BMD. However, other studies indicate that QUS measures something other than the actual mineral content of bone, namely bone quality, e.g. in vitro studies have shown that QUS reflects trabecular orientation independently of BMD. In both cross-sectional and prospective studies, QUS seems to be as good a predictor of osteoporotic fractures as BMD. In two large prospective studies, QUS also predicted fracture risk independently of BMD. QUS has just begun to be used systematically for monitoring the response to anti-osteoporotic treatments in prospective trials. In the studies performed, QUS has been found to be useful in the follow-up of patients. QUS is thus a promising new technique for bone assessment.

Bone Density↗
PubMed1998

Postmenopausal bone remodelling and hormone replacement.

Osteoporosis is a serious, frequently occurring disease. Sensitive, specific and precise biochemical measures of bone remodelling, thus, are important tools in the evaluation of bone loss, fracture risk and treatment response. Bone turnover is predictive of the subsequent rate of loss. A high bone turnover documented by increased levels of biochemical markers predicts an increased rate of loss in bone mass. Additionally, as a high bone turnover leads to an increase in the extent of bone resorption as well as an increase of the erosion depth, this may also cause deterioration of the bone structure, thereby leading to an increased risk of fracture. That the predictive values of bone mass and markers of bone turnover are additive suggests that these measures describe different properties of bone. Hormone replacement induces a reduction in postmenopausal bone turnover, arrests loss of bone mass and decreases fracture risk. The skeletal response to therapy is reflected by bone markers and these may be used for monitoring purposes. Those who are in most need of treatment can be identified by a combination of bone mass and bone marker measurement. Furthermore, those who need the treatment most will demonstrate the best response in terms of bone mass. Concern has arisen because of a relatively large day-to-day variation, especially in urinary markers; however, this seems to be resolved through use of the new serum markers.

Bone Remodeling↗
PubMed1997

[Budesonide and beclamethasone dipropionate inhalation powders. The effect on bone and collagen turnover in children].

UNLABELLED: The objective of the study was to assess bone and collagen turnover in asthmatic children treated with dry powder budesonide from the Turbohaler and dry powder beclomethasone dipropionate from the Diskhaler in a dose of 800 micrograms/day. Thirteen prepubertal children with asthma were studied. The study was conducted as an open crossover study with two treatment periods and treatment free run-in and wash-out periods. All periods were of two weeks' duration. At day 14 in each period blood samples were taken for assessment of serum osteocalcin, the carboxyterminal propeptide of type I collagen (PICP), and the aminoterminal propeptide of type III collagen (PIIINP). At the same time urine was collected for assessment of creatinine corrected pyridinoline (uPYR/cr) and deoxypyridinoline (udPYR/cr) crosslinks. RESULTS: Osteocalcin concentrations were not influenced by any of the treatments. During budesonide treatment PICP was reduced by 18% (p = 0.03), PIIINP by 24% (p = 0.0002), uPYR/cr by 16% (p = 0.03) and udPYR/cr by 21% (p = 0.12). During treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate PICP was reduced by 20% (p = 0.01), PIIINP by 36% (p = 0.0002), uPYR/cr by 18% (p = 0.004) and udPYR/cr by 13% (p = 0.02). The suppressive effect of beclomethasone dipropionate on PIIINP was more marked than that of budesonide (p = 0.001). It is concluded that treatment with dry powder budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate 800 micrograms/day is associated with suppression of bone and collagen turnover. The suppression seems to be more marked during treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate. Long term effects and effects of lower doses of budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate on bone and collagen markers needs further study.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1997

Morning or evening administration of nasal calcitonin? Effects on biochemical markers of bone turnover.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of intranasal salmon calcitonin (sCT) administration (200 IE), given either in the morning (8:00) or evening (21:00), on the known circadian variation in biochemical markers of bone turnover. An open, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study, with three 24 h studies of blood samples drawn every third hour and urine collected in 3 h aliquots was undertaken. Subjects consisted of nine healthy postmenopausal women, aged 58 +/- 7 years. Urinary CrossLaps (a measure of bone resorption) was measured by ELISA and corrected for creatinine (Cr). Serum osteocalcin (sOC) was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The first 24 h study was performed without intervention. Prior to this control study the participants were randomized to either morning (8:00) or evening (21:00) sCT (200 IE). sCT administrations were given 4-5 days prior to and during the second study. After a washing-out period of 2 weeks the participants were given 200 IE of sCT at the reverse time of the day 5 days prior to and during the third study. At all timepoints, urinary CrossLaps/Cr exhibited a significant (p < 0.001) circadian rhythm with its zenith in early morning and nadir in late afternoon. Both morning and evening administration of sCT significantly decreased the urinary excretion of CrossLaps/Cr approximately 3-6 h after administration with a subsequent rebound effect. sOC did not exhibit a significant circadian variation and was not affected by the calcitonin. The 24 h mean urinary CrossLaps/Cr and sOC remained unchanged. Both morning and evening sCT significantly decreased the urinary excretion of CrossLaps/Cr 3-6 h after administration, with a rebound effect approximately 12 h later. However, the present study does not indicate that neither evening nor twice-daily administration is superior to morning administration.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1997

The response in spinal bone mass to tibolone treatment is related to bone turnover in elderly women.

To determine the ability of bone turnover to predict the response in bone mass during treatment with Tibolone, two biochemical markers of bone metabolism were evaluated [CrossLaps corrected for urinary creatinine (CrossLaps/Cr.) and serum osteocalcin measured in a newly developed assay (N-Mid)]. Data from a 2-year double-blind, randomized trial with 56 completing Tibolone-treated women and 13 placebo-treated women were studied. Bone mineral density in the spine (QDR-1000) and indices of bone turnover were determined every 3 months throughout the study. The response in bone mass was calculated as the percent annual change in bone mineral density from baseline and was determined from a total of nine measurements. The response in bone mass was correlated to prestudy values of CrossLaps/Cr. (r = 0.27; p < 0.05), but was uncorrelated to prestudy values of N-Mid. The changes from baseline of these two markers were significantly correlated with the response in bone mass from the 6 months' time point and throughout the rest of the study, i.e., at 1 year: CrossLaps/Cr.: r = 0.54; p < 0.001, N-Mid: r = 0.49; p < 0.001). The change from baseline in the two markers was clearly more predictive of the response in bone mass than the baseline values of these markers as evaluated in a multiple, linear regression-model. Within 1 year of Tibolone-treatment, measured changes in CrossLaps/Cr. and bone mineral density are at least equally predictive of the true response in bone mass over 2 years. These results indicate a possibility of monitoring Tibolone therapy with biochemical markers of bone turnover, at least on group basis.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Circadian variation in bone resorption is not related to serum cortisol.

Serum osteocalcin, serum procollagen type I carboxyterminal propeptide (sPICP), and the urinary excretion of pyridinium crosslinks (biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption) all exhibit a circadian variation with a peak during the night. This study was performed to investigate the influence of the endogenous circadian rhythm in cortisol on the biochemical markers of bone turnover. Participants included 11 patients substituted with hydrocortisone due to either hypopituitarism (n = 7) or bilateral adrenalectomy (n = 4). Their daily tablet intake of hydrocortisone was divided in four equal doses in order to abrogate the known circadian variation in cortisol. 24 healthy postmenopausal women served as controls. The study design was performed over 24 h, with blood samples taken every 3 h, and urine collected in 3 h aliquots. Urinary pyridinium crosslinks (Pyr/ Cr, D-Pyr/Cr), serum osteocalcin (sOC), and serum PICP were measured. Patients without a circadian variation in cortisol had normal circadian variation in the urinary excretion of pyridinium crosslinks and sPICP, but no circadian rhythm in serum osteocalcin. We conclude that the etiology of the circadian rhythm in the biochemical markers of bone turnover is still unknown. This study indicates that the circadian variation in sOC can be controlled by the endogenous circadian variation in serum cortisol, whereas this hormone does not control the circadian variation in either the serum PICP or the urinary excretion in pyridinium crosslinks.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1997

Improved reproducibility of broadband ultrasound attenuation of the os calcis by using a specific region of interest.

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) bone measurement is a promising, relatively new technique for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Contrary to the more established method of bone densitometry (measurement of bone mineral density, BMD, e.g., using dual X-ray absorptiometry, DEXA), QUS does not employ ionizing radiation. It has, however, been a problem to achieve sufficient reproducibility of the QUS measurements. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible advantages of measuring broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) at a region of interest (ROI) instead of at a fixed position, in terms of in vivo precision and correlation to hip bone mineral density. BUA was measured in 27 premenopausal women, 28 postmenopausal women, an 22 men on the DTU-one. Using high resolution images, a ROI is defined in the posterior part of the os calcis as an area with a local minimum of attenuation and a fixed position within the os calcis is defined relative to the water bath. All BUA measurements were performed twice. BMD at the hip was measured on the QDR-2000. The mean BUA values were significantly different between pre- and postmenopausal women, p = 0.0001 for both the ROI (BUAROI) and the fixed position (BUAFIX). The ROI was found in all subjects and was readily reproducible. The precision at the ROI: 1.20 CV% (95% CI: 1.01-1.29 CV%) was significantly better than at the fixed position: 3.87 CV% (95% CI: 3.23-4.48 CV%). BUAROI (r = 0.64) correlated significantly better than BUAFIX (r = 0.35) with HIP BMD. In conclusion, the use of an imaging technique enables BUA measurements to be performed at a ROI. The precision of BUA at the ROI is significantly better than at the fixed position. BUA measured at the ROI correlates better with HIP BMD than BUA measured at the fixed position.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Development of a monoclonal antibody to urinary degradation products from the C-terminal telopeptide alpha 1 chain of type I collagen. Application in an enzyme immunoassay and comparison to CrossLaps ELISA.

A monoclonal antibody MAbA7 was raised against a synthetic peptide having a sequence (EKAHDGGR) specific for a part of the C-telopeptide alpha 1 chain of type I collagen. MAbA7 was labelled with horseradish peroxide and used in a competitive one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measurement of urinary type I collagen degradation products. The assay was technically evaluated and preliminary clinical data are presented. The measuring range was 200-7000 micrograms l-1 with a detection limit of 25 micrograms l-1. Within-run and total CVs were 5.5 and 8.0%, respectively. Analytical recovery averaged 96.6% +/- 5.3 (mean +/- 1SD). Values obtained in the ELISA were highly correlated (r = 0.93) to values obtained by a commercially available assay (CrossLaps ELISA) known to measure urinary degradation products derived from the C-telopeptide of type I collagen reflecting the rate of bone resorption. Investigation of the urinary fragments responsible for the immunological response in the two assays revealed, however, that they are not identical. Values obtained in urine samples from postmenopausal women (n = 108) and patients with Paget's disease (n = 6) increased 43% (p < 0.01) and 28-fold (p < 0.001), respectively, when compared to a premenopausal level (n = 50). A decrease in the urinary concentrations of 67% (p < 0.01) was seen after 6 months in urine samples from postmenopausal women (n = 13) receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) compared to a group receiving placebo (n = 9). Likewise, the urinary concentrations decreased 88% (p < 0.001) in early postmenopausal women receiving bisphosphonate therapy (n = 11) for a period of 9 months compared to a group receiving placebo (n = 12). These results suggest that the monoclonal antibody and the new assay may be useful for further investigations of the physiological and clinical importance of type I collagen degradation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Relation of common allelic variation at vitamin D receptor locus to bone mineral density and postmenopausal bone loss: cross sectional and longitudinal population study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether common allelic variation at the vitamin D receptor locus is related to bone mineral density and postmenopausal bone loss. DESIGN: Cross sectional and longitudinal population study. SETTING: Outpatient clinic in research centre. SUBJECTS: 599 healthy women aged 27 to 72 and 125 women with low bone mass aged 55-77 had bone mineral density measured once in the cross sectional study. 136 women aged 45-54 were followed up for 18 years in the longitudinal study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Bone mineral density measured at the lumbar spine, hip, and forearm and rate of bone loss at different times over 18 years in relation to vitamin D receptor genotype as defined by the endonucleases ApaI, EsmI, and TaqI. RESULTS: Vitamin D receptor genotype was not related to bone mineral density at any site. The maximum difference between homozygotes was 1.3% (P = 0.33, n = 723). Women with low bone mineral density had almost the same genotype frequencies as the women with normal bone mineral densities. Vitamin D receptor genotype was not related to early postmenopausal bone loss from age 51 to 53 (mean (SD) total loss at the lower forearm -3.6% (3.6%)), late postmenopausal bone loss from age 63 to 69 (at the hip-6.2% (8.7%)), or to long term postmenopausal loss from age 51 to 69 (at the lower forearm-24.5% (11.4%)). CONCLUSION: Common allelic variation at the vitamin D receptor locus as defined by the endonucleases ApaI, EsmI, and TaqI is related neither to bone mineral density nor to the rate of bone loss in healthy postmenopausal Danish women.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Anteroposterior and lateral spinal DXA for the assessment of vertebral body strength: comparison with hip and forearm measurement.

Spinal bone mineral density (BMD) is traditionally measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the anteroposterior (AP) projection which includes both the vertebral body and the posterior elements in the measurement. The posterior elements, however, contribute little to the compressive strength of the spine. It has therefore been suggested that spinal BMD measured in the lateral projection, including only the vertebral body in the measurement, might be more appropriate for the prediction of fracture risk. To date little clinical evidence has been presented to support this assumption. To address the issue, we measured vertebral, hip and forearm BMD in situ in 14 human cadavers and remeasured BMD in vitro in excised vertebrae. Lateral spinal measurements were performed in the decubitus position. Fracture force and other biomechanical measures were determined for 32 vertebrae in a mechanical testing machine and compared with BMD values in situ and in vitro. Correlations of BMD with vertebral fracture force were r = 0.48/0.51 (in situ/in vitro) for the AP spinal measurements, r = 0.45/0.71 (in situ/in vitro) for the lateral spinal measurements, and r = 0.64 and r = 0.53 for total hip and forearm measurements in situ, respectively. Thus, despite an apparent diagnostic advantage in vitro, lateral spinal BMD measurement was not superior to AP measurement when performed in situ. This observation corresponds well with previous clinical findings and is probably due to the larger accuracy error in the lateral than in the AP projection resulting from a lower ratio of bone to soft tissue. The high correlation between hip BMD and vertebral fracture force suggests that hip measurement may prove as useful for vertebral fracture risk assessment as spinal measurement in any projection, especially in the elderly with a high prevalence of degenerative changes in the spine.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Effects on muscle of dieting with or without exercise in overweight postmenopausal women.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an energy-restrictive, high-protein diet with or without exercise on muscle morphology and biochemistry. Moderately overweight postmenopausal women (49-58 yr, body mass index: 25-42 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to three groups for 12 wk of intervention; namely, a control group, a group on a 4.2 MJ/day diet, and a group on 4.2 MJ/day diet combined with aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Muscle morphology and biochemistry analysis were performed in 69 and 58 women, respectively. In contrast to the diet-only group, the die-plus- exercise group significantly increased the muscle fiber areas by 20-25%, the number of capillaries per muscle fiber type I by approximately 20%, and the activities of citrate synthase by approximately 35% and hexokinase by approximately 20% (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant changes in any other muscle variable (P < 0.05). The respiratory exchange ratio decreased in both intervention groups by 2-4% (P < 0.01). It is concluded that 12-wk period of an energy-restrictive high-protein diet was not associated with major changes in muscle morphology or biochemistry. The addition of exercise to the die led to an adaptive increase in muscle fiber areas and in the oxidative capacity of the muscles.

Diet↗
PubMed1996

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tissue-type plasminogen activator, and fibrinogen: Effect of dieting with or without exercise in overweight postmenopausal women.

This study assessed the short- and long-term effects of an energy-restrictive diet with or without exercise on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen (PAI-1 Ag) and PAI-1 activity, tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen (TPA Ag), and fibrinogen serum levels. Healthy, overweight postmenopausal women (age, 53.8+/-2.5 years; body mass index, 25 to 42 kg/m2; n=121) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, 4200-kJ/d diet, or 4200-kJ/d diet with combined aerobic and anaerobic exercise. PAI-1 activity and PAI-1 Ag, TPA Ag, and fibrinogen levels were measured at baseline, after a 12-week intervention, and after a further 6-month follow-up. PAI-1 Ag and activity and TPA Ag were positively correlated with serum triglyceride levels, the abdominal-to-total-body fat ratio (as assessed by total-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), fasting blood glucose, and systolic BP and negatively with HDL cholesterol and sex hormone-binding globulin. The diet led to profound decreases and normalization of PAI-1 activity (approximately 50%), PAI-1 Ag (approximately 30%) and TPA Ag (approximately (29%), but exercise conferred no additional effect. Fibrinogen did not change. At follow-up there were no longer any significant changes (P>.05). In conclusion, PAI-1 Ag and activity as well as TPA Ag seem to be part of the metabolic syndrome X. The diet made the blood less thrombogenic in the short term with no effect of the added exercise.

Exercise↗
PubMed1996

Bone mineral density in immigrants from southern China to Denmark. A cross-sectional study.

Immigration from Japan to USA has been shown to increase bone mineral density (BMD) and body fat in women. The effects of immigration between other geographical areas on bone mass and body composition are largely unknown, especially in men. In the present study, we measured bone mass and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR-2000) in 73 healthy premenopausal women (age 35 +/- 8 years) and 69 men (age 40 +/- 12 years) who had immigrated from southern China to Denmark 2 months to 36 years ago. The BMD measurements (Total BMD, trunk BMD and leg BMD) were related positively to years since immigration (YSI) (R2 = 0.10-0.16, p < 0.05) in premenopausal women, but not in men. Fat distribution was related mainly to age in both premenopausal women and men (R2 = 0.16-0.26, p < 0.05). For comparison, we included 51 white, Danish premenopausal women (age 36 +/- 6 years). Chinese premenopausal women with a YSI below or equal to 12 years (N = 38) had significantly lower total and regional BMD (trunk, legs, arms) (p < 0.05), while women with a YSI above 12 years (N = 35) had significantly lower BMD in the legs only (p < 0.05) when compared to the Danish premenopausal women. After correction for age weight and height, Chinese premenopausal women with a YSI below or equal to 12 years still had significantly lower BMD in all regions (4-7%, p < 0.05), whereas no differences in BMD were found between Chinese premenopausal women with a YSI above 12 years compared with Danish premenopausal women. In conclusion, Chinese premenopausal women who immigrated to Denmark more than 12 years ago have a similar BMD to that of Danish premenopausal women. In the group who immigrated less than 12 years ago, a significantly lower BMD was found.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1995

Impact of soft tissue on in vivo accuracy of bone mineral measurements in the spine, hip, and forearm: a human cadaver study.

The impact of soft tissue in vivo on accuracy of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of the spine and hip by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and of the forearm by single photon absorptiometry was assessed by use of 14 human cadavers. The in vivo accuracy errors (SEE%) were: forearm 3-5%, anteroposterior spine 5.3%, lateral spine 10-12%, and femoral greater trochanter, neck, total, intertrochanteric, and Ward's triangle 3%, 6.5%, 6.7%, 8%, and 11-13%, respectively. Except from the lateral spine and the greater trochanter, the slopes of the linear regressions of in vivo BMD against in vitro BMD were not significantly different from 1 (p > 0.05). The calculated random accuracy error of BMD measurements due to fat inhomogeneity was estimated to 3-4% for the anteroposterior spine and 9-14% for the lateral spine (from abdominal computed tomography in 26 healthy women). In conclusion, acceptable accuracy errors below 6-7% (of soft tissue in vivo) of BMD measurements were obtained in the anteroposterior spine, the forearm, and the neck, greater trochanter, and total proximal femur.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗