Experimental infection of infant rabbits with verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli.
To study the pathogenesis of diarrheal disease due to verotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli, 3-day-old rabbits were inoculated intragastrically with live E. coli O157:H7 (high VT producer), E. coli O113:K75:H21 (low VT producer), or O157:H45 (VT negative) and were examined for clinical symptoms, bacterial colonization, presence of detectable free VT in the intestines, and histological changes. Diarrhea developed consistently with 10(8) bacteria of E. coli O157:H7 but was observed only infrequently with even a higher dose of E. coli O113:K75:H21. VT-negative strains failed to cause diarrhea under the same experimental conditions. E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from the colon of infected animals in a significantly higher concentration than from the small intestine, and the clinical symptoms correlated with the presence of detectable free VT in the colon. Histological changes were seen mainly in the mid- and distal colon; these changes were characterized by a vast increase in apoptosis in the surface epithelium, increased mitotic activity in the crypts, mucin depletion, and a mild to moderate infiltration of neutrophils in the lamina propria and epithelium. Multiple foci of attached bacteria were seen on the surface epithelium of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, cecum, and colon. Bacteria were never seen in epithelial cells or the lamina propria. These mucosal abnormalities as well as clinical symptoms were reproduced in infant rabbits by the intragastric administration of VT alone. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that VT plays a major role in the pathogenesis of diarrhea caused by E. coli O157:H7 and other VT-producing E. coli.