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Biomedical subjects

C Gilmore

Publications and source records attributed to C Gilmore.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Alzheimer's disease, other dementias, depression and pseudodementia: prevalence, incidence and three-year outcome in Liverpool.

A group of 1070 community-living persons aged 65 and over was assessed using the GMS-AGECAT package and other interviews at years 0 and 3. Year 3 interviewers were 'blind' to the findings at year 0, and the prevalence of organic disorders and depression was very similar in both years. According to the results at year 3, minimum and maximum prevalence figures for dementia at year 0 were 2.4% and 3.8% for moderate to severe and 0.4% and 2.4% for mild or early cases, with a best estimate of 3.5% and 0.8%, or 4.3% overall, divided into: senile, Alzheimer's type 3.3%; vascular 0.7%; and alcohol-related 0.3%. The overall incidence of dementia, clinically confirmed by six-year follow-up, was 9.2/1000 per year (Alzheimer type 6.3, vascular 1.9, alcohol related 1.0). Three years later, 72.0% of those with depressive psychosis and 62.3% of those with depressive neurosis were either dead or had some kind of psychiatric illness. Nearly 60% of milder depressive cases (7.2% of the total sample) had either died or developed a chronic mental illness. The outcome of depressive pseudodementias is equivocal so far. Findings at year 3 provide validation of AGECAT computer diagnosis against outcome; organic and depression diagnoses are seen to have important implications for prognosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of two questionnaires for patient-assessed hearing aid benefit.

Two questionnaires, the Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (PHAB) and the intelligibility Rating Improvement Scale (IRIS), were developed to measure self-assessed hearing aid benefit. The response format differed in the two instruments: the PHAB required estimation of the proportion of time that certain situations presented communication problems, whereas the IRIS required estimation of the percentage of speech that could be understood in the same situations. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential of each questionnaire for clinical and research applications. They were compared in terms of the amount of self-assessed benefit they produced and their sensitivity to benefit differences in different listening situations. Both questionnaires were completed by 42 hearing aid wearers. Analyses of the results indicated that (1) the PHAB produced a significantly lower overall estimate of hearing aid benefit than the IRIS; (2) the PHAB was more sensitive than the IRIS to benefit differences in different listening situations; and (3) the pattern of self-assessed benefit determined with the PHAB was in agreement with previous investigations, whereas the pattern derived from the IRIS scores was not.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Psychiatric rating scales in diagnostic assessment and clinical treatment.

This chapter provides a summary and review of the current and most frequently used clinical rating scales, and discusses their specific use and application in the treatment setting. The review includes some comparison of the essential benefits of each instrument and their potential usefulness in dealing with special populations.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1990

Development of the Profile of Hearing Aid Performance (PHAP).

This paper reports the development of the Profile of Hearing Aid Performance (PHAP), a 66-item self-administered inventory that quantifies performance with a hearing aid in everyday life using both seven-score and four-score profiles. The profiles assess experience with amplification in terms of speech communication in three types of listening situations and in terms of reactions to amplified environmental sounds. The PHAP has been evaluated using groups consisting mainly of elderly hearing aid wearers having mild to moderate hearing impairments. Internal consistency reliability of the scales and subscales ranges from .70 to .91. Test-retest correlations range from .66 to .88. Ninety percent and 95% critical differences are presented to facilitate evaluation of differences between scores for the same individual under different conditions. It is envisioned that the PHAP will have its principal application in research evaluating and comparing different approaches to hearing aid fittings. In addition, the inventory can be used clinically to assess existing hearing aid fittings.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

The Connected Speech Test version 3: audiovisual administration.

The Connected Speech Test (CST) is used to measure the intelligibility of everyday speech; it is intended primarily for quantifying hearing aid benefit. The test consists of 48 passages of conversationally produced connected speech, each passage concerning a familiar topic and comprising 10 sentences. Listeners are apprised of the passage topic in advance and are required to repeat the sentences one at a time. Each passage contains 25 scoring words. The test is recorded audiovisually. In previous papers, we have reported the development of the test materials and investigations of the use of the audio portion with normally hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. Audio versions of the test have been developed for use with normal hearers (CST version 1), and for hearing-impaired listeners (CST version 2). In the present paper, we report a study of the test administered audiovisually. Twenty-six normally hearing subjects responded to audiovisual presentation of all 48 test passages. On the basis of the results, a new version of the test (CST version 3) was generated. In this new version, the test passages are presented in designated sets of four or six passages. The critical difference between two scores is estimated to be the same for both audio and audiovisual administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Liver transplantation.

A multidisciplinary approach is necessary in addressing the needs of a patient with end-stage liver disease. The development of the liver transplant program at MHI was a natural extension of the transplant and critical care programs already in place. The case report described exemplifies that valuable input from ancillary support groups is necessary for a successful liver transplant program. Experience gained in the area of liver transplantation not only benefits liver transplant patients but also extends to other areas of clinical medicine. One year ago, an Indiana resident had to travel out of state to receive this specialized form of care. Today this is no longer the case.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Use of the Connected Speech Test (CST) with hearing-impaired listeners.

Two studies were performed in which hearing-impaired subjects responded to the Connected Speech Test (CST). In experiment 1, 40 subjects, divided into four groups according to extent and configuration of hearing loss, responded to the CST version 1 (CSTv1). This version of the test consisted of 57 passages of connected speech: 48 test passages and 9 practice passages. It was developed on the basis of data for normal-hearing listeners. Performance of hearing-impaired listeners for the CSTv1 revealed that, although the passages were equal in average intelligibility for normal hearers, they were not equally intelligible for hearing-impaired persons. Based on results of data analyses, the 57 passages were reconstituted into 28 pairs of passages: 24 test pairs and 4 practice pairs. The pairs were equal in average intelligibility for both normal and hearing-impaired listeners. This form of the test was named the CST version 2 (CSTv2). In experiment 2, an additional 23 hearing-impaired subjects responded to the CSTv2. Critical differences and the slope of the signal to babble ratio (SBR) function were determined for the CSTv2 for hearing-impaired listeners. When two CSTv2 pairs were used per score, the 95% critical difference for hearing-impaired subjects was about 15.5 rationalized arcsine units (rau). The mean SBR function slope for hearing-impaired listeners was 8.5 rau/dB. Comparing the critical difference with the SBR function slope, it may be seen that, for hearing-impaired listeners, differences in intelligibility equivalent to a 2 dB change in SBR can be detected with CST scores based on mean performance across two passage pairs.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Development of the Connected Speech Test (CST).

This paper describes the first phase in the development of the Connected Speech Test (CST). This test of intelligibility of everyday speech has been developed primarily for use as a criterion measure in investigations of hearing aid benefit. The test consists of 48 passages of conversationally produced connected speech. Each passage contains 25 key words for scoring. All passages are of equal intelligibility for the average normal hearer. Key words vary in intelligibility within a passage but span the same intelligibility range in all passages. Several passages are administered, and the results averaged, to yield a single intelligibility score. For pairs of scores, each based on mean performance across 4 randomly-chosen passages, the 95% critical difference is estimated to be about 14 rationalized arcsine units (rau). The performance-intensity function for the CST has a slope of 12 rau/dB signal-to-babble ratio. Investigations of the test are continuing with hearing-impaired listeners.

Auditory Threshold↗
PubMed1987

Intelligibility of average talkers in typical listening environments.

Intelligibility of conversationally produced speech for normal hearing listeners was studied for three male and three female talkers. Four typical listening environments were used. These simulated a quiet living room, a classroom, and social events in two settings with different reverberation characteristics. For each talker, overall intelligibility and intelligibility for vowels, consonant voicing, consonant continuance, and consonant place were quantified using the speech pattern contrast (SPAC) test. Results indicated that significant intelligibility differences are observed among normal talkers even in listening environments that permit essentially full intelligibility for everyday conversations. On the whole, talkers maintained their relative intelligibility across the four environments, although there was one exception which suggested that some voices may be particularly susceptible to degradation due to reverberation. Consonant place was the most poorly perceived feature, followed by continuance, voicing, and vowel intelligibility. However, there were numerous significant interactions between talkers and speech features, indicating that a talker of average overall intelligibility may produce certain speech features with intelligibility that is considerably higher or lower than average. Neither long-term rms speech spectrum nor articulation rate was found to be an adequate single criterion for selecting a talker of average intelligibility. Ultimately, an average talker was chosen on the basis of four speech contrasts: initial consonant place, and final consonant place, voicing, and continuance.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Damping the hearing aid frequency response: effects on speech clarity and preferred listening level.

Damped hearing aid frequency responses were compared with undamped responses to determine the effect of response smoothing on speech clarity and on gain received when the hearing aid was adjusted to the preferred listening level (PLL). Damping elements were located in the hearing aid's earhook. Three commercially available hearing aids, two bandwidths, and two speech input levels were evaluated in a completely crossed experimental design. Data were collected using a paired comparison method and 10 hearing-impaired subjects. Results indicated that the undamped frequency responses were judged to produce more clear, pleasant, natural sounding speech than the damped responses (p = .09). Although significant midfrequency peak reduction was achieved through earhook damping, the effects on gain at PLL were negligible.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1977

Effect of volume expansion and veratrine on salt gland secretion in the goose.

The influence of acute intravascular volume expansion on salt gland secretion of conscious, adult geese was investigated. The intravenous administration of 5% dextran in Krebs-bicarbonate-Ringer solution in an amount equivalent to 30% of the estimated blood volume caused a transient but highly significant increase in salt gland secretion independent of changes in plasma osmolality or sodium concentration. Intravenous veratrine (60 microng) caused a similar increase in salt gland secretion only when administered after the volume load. Intravenous 5% NaCl always caused a prolonged and significant increase in salt gland secretion which was not potentiated by veratrine. Volume expansion and hypertonic saline caused a significant tachycardia while veratrine caused a significant bradycardia. It is concluded that a volume component may contribute to the initiation of salt gland secretion in the goose and that the peripheral receptor involved is most likely vascular in origin.

Animals↗