Biomedical subjects

C G Leukefeld

Publications and source records attributed to C G Leukefeld.

47 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

Drug abuse treatment in prisons and jails.

Acknowledging the fact that the criminal justice system is currently awash with drug abusers and that prison drug abuse treatment has had a varied history in the United States, this article explores possible directions for the future of drug abuse treatment in prisons and jails. The current status of drug abuse treatment is reviewed, and selected treatment approaches are high-lighted. In addition, evaluation issues are presented, and special issues are reviewed including case management, community follow-up, and methodological considerations. Finally, recommendations are suggested for treatment, research, evaluation, demonstrations, management information, community linkage, training, and technical assistance.

Combined Modality Therapy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The association of testosterone with nicotine use in young adult females.

This pilot laboratory study examined the relationship of testosterone levels, carbon monoxide (CO) levels, current and adolescent nicotine use, and histories of pubertal onset in 30 young adult female smokers. These females had completed questionnaires regarding nicotine use in the 7th through 10th grades, and again at age 21 as part of a cohort study of drug use. In addition, history of pubertal onset was obtained at age 21, as were testosterone and CO levels. Testosterone levels were positively correlated with cigarette use in the last 30 days (P< or =.01), CO levels (P< or =.05), cigarette use reported in the 7th and 10th grades (P< or =.05), and negatively correlated with age of pubertal onset (P< or =.001). The relationship of testosterone to nicotine will be discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

HIV prevention protocols: adaptation to evolving trends in drug use.

Applied research in HIV prevention with out-of-treatment substance abusers takes place in a constantly changing environment. Researchers must be able to identify changes in drug use and sexual risk patterns, develop and evaluate appropriate interventions to respond to those changes, and find ways to make effective use of new technologies as they are developed. An example of this process is the collaborative revision made to NIDA's Standard Intervention for HIV prevention by the final six study sites funded under the NIDA Cooperative Agreements for AIDS Community-Based Outreach and Intervention Research. To illustrate the process of responding to changes in the substance abuse environment, to advances in knowledge about risk, and to newer technologies, this article provides an overview of the history of two federally funded HIV-prevention programs for out-of-treatment substance abusers and reviews recent changes made to the Standard Intervention protocol. The rationale for the changes is discussed, and the substance abuse population in the study is described.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

History of head injury among substance users: preliminary findings.

Traumatic brain injury is associated with a variety of problems in cognitive functioning that may be related to substance use and that may influence recovery. This pilot study of 591 inmates in medium and minimum-security prisons examined self-reports of head injury, mental health problems, and health service utilization in three groups: no head injury, one head injury, and two or more head injuries. The group with multiple head injuries reported significantly more emergency room visits, more hospital admission, and number of hospital stays when compared with those with no head injury. This preliminary analysis reflects a need for additional research on brain injury among substance misusers.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Age differences in HIV risk behaviors and drug treatment utilization among drug users in Kentucky.

The purpose of this study was to (1) profile demographic and other characteristics of two age groups, younger aged 30 to 39 (N = 643), and older aged 40 to 49 (N = 395), (2) examine and identify differences in lifetime drug use patterns and age of drug use initiation, (3) examine HIV risk behaviors: drug use and sexual practices, (4) compare drug user treatment utilization between the two age groups, and (5) examine barriers to drug is treatment utilization by gender. The study sample (N = 1038) was drawn from individuals recruited into the NIDA Cooperative Agreement in Kentucky. The median age in the study sample was 38, the majority were male (72%), and African-American (81%). Results indicate that older subjects initiated drug use at a later age than younger subjects. Compared to the younger age group, significantly more subjects in the older group reported having ever used any of the 10 drugs examined. Injection drug use patterns and lifetime sex exchange practices were more prevalent in the older age group. Older subjects also were more likely to utilize drug user treatment, specifically methadone maintenance treatment. When barriers to drug user treatment were examined, significantly more women than men did not qualify for treatment, and they did not have enough money for treatment. Implications for interventions are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The clinical connection: drugs and crime.

The relationship between drugs and crime is examined, with emphasis on the clinical importance of combining treatment with criminal justice authority. Selected studies are reviewed, and the historical importance of the criminal justice system for drug abuse treatment is stressed. Examples are used to depict dilemmas surrounding drugs and crime.

Crime↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rural attitudes, opinions, and drug use.

There are two primary purposes of this paper. The first is to summarize the results of a survey conducted in a rural area of Kentucky on attitudes and behaviors regarding substance use. The second purpose is to examine differences in drug attitudes and behaviors for higher and lower density rural areas. Participants for this study were contacted by telephone in March 1996. The sample was generated by random digit dialing for eight county telephone exchanges. The sample included 334 respondents from the eight counties who were grouped into respondents from higher density areas (n = 132) and lower density areas (n = 202). Results indicated that respondents from both higher density and lower density areas were similar on drug use and attitudes. However, lower density areas reported their county as a worse place to live and less safe than respondents from higher density areas. Respondents from lower density areas were also more likely to report there was more alcohol/drug use and more alcohol bootlegging in the past year, and that bootlegging alcohol is a serious problem in their county. Future research could include the examination of heterogeneity of rural areas using different indices.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Drug use in very rural Alaska villages.

The Alaska Native Preschool Project was centered in the Head Start Programs of two typical Alaska native villages near the Bering Sea. Data were collected over 5 years, 1990 to 1995, from preschool parents (N = 342) with surveys, a panel of villagers (N = 25 to 30) using qualitative interviews; villagers using participant observation; and a limited review of public records. The villages typify the changing life of Alaskan villagers who live in the Bering Straits area. Qualitative data indicated that a number of problems were associated with drug and alcohol use in the villages. The level of smokeless tobacco use from surveys in the previous month among preschool parents (41%) was self-reported to be almost 10 times greater than the national level reported in the 1995 National Household Survey. The use of marijuana reported by preschool parents in the previous month was almost 3 times higher than the 1995 National Household Survey estimates (19 vs 6.7%). Tobacco use in the previous month was reported at over 56%, a level that was over 1 1/2 times the level of use at 34.7% estimated from the 1995 National Household Survey. For 26-34 year olds, previous month alcohol use was lower for the village parents than estimated from the 1995 National Household Survey (38 vs 63%). The self-reported levels of other drug use among preschool parents were very low compared with overall United States rates.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Opportunities for AIDS prevention in a rural state in criminal justice and drug treatment settings.

This study examined the likelihood that drug users would receive HIV/ AIDS prevention information and supplies (e.g., condoms and bleach) in the rural state of Kentucky. Despite evidence of high HIV risk among criminal justice and substance-using populations, incarceration and substance-user treatment were only minimally associated with prior HIV prevention exposure or HIV testing. These data strongly support the use of criminal justice and treatment settings to provide AIDS prevention interventions for the high-risk drug-using populations they serve, and to target HIV prevention services in rural as well as urban areas.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Developing a rural therapy with big city approaches.

Both rural communities and urban communities experience problems associated with drug use and drug dependence. However, existing treatment interventions are not tailored for rural settings. This article describes a project which will modify an existing social skills behavioral therapy for rural populations, refine the therapy, develop a manual, train and supervise therapists, and pilot test the structured behavioral outpatient rural therapy to treat rural drug users and drug dependents as Stage I Research for NIDA's Behavioral Therapies Development Program.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Recommendations to bridge rural/urban drug-use(r) research and practice.

This article presents recommendations developed by a group of United States drug-use(r) researchers interested in rural and urban research and practice who met in Lexington, Kentucky, in October 1996. Overall, there was consensus about the importance of better understanding the urban/rural drug and alcohol use/dependency continuum. It was emphasized that drug and alcohol use/dependency are chronic and relapsing disorders. Definitions of rural and urban are most important, and different definitions may be associated with factors that are masked by population density. Specific recommendations are presented in the following areas: Rural Factors, Epidemiology, HIV/AIDS, Treatment and Other Services, Migration, Youth, Protective Factors, Systems Perspective, Measurement, Confidentiality, Criminal Justice, Research, Policy Research, Economic Factors, Service Providers, and Managed Care.

HIV Infections↗