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Biomedical subjects

C F Mountain

Publications and source records attributed to C F Mountain.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Diagnosis for interstitial lung disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): a prospective comparison of bronchial washing, alveolar lavage, transbronchial lung biopsy, and open-lung biopsy.

This study was undertaken to compare prospectively the diagnostic yield of the various bronchoscopic techniques with that of open-lung biopsy for interstitial lung disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Under general anesthesia, 15 patients sequentially underwent bronchial washing, transbronchial lung biopsy, alveolar lavage, and open-lung biopsy in the same segment of lung. Of nine patients with Pneumocystis carinii, seven were diagnosed by means of the transbronchial lung biopsy, eight by the open-lung biopsy, and all nine by alveolar lavage. Of the six patients with cytomegalovirus, five were diagnosed by the open-lung biopsy, five by the transbronchial lung biopsy, and three by alveolar lavage. The sensitivities of the procedures for identifying infection were washings (15%), transbronchial lung biopsy (50%), alveolar lavage (73%), and open-lung biopsy (88%). Combined, transbronchial lung biopsy and alveolar lavage showed a diagnostic yield (85%) for infections comparable to that of open-lung biopsy (88%), thereby obviating the need for open-lung biopsy for such diagnoses. However, open-lung biopsy was the only procedure that diagnosed Kaposi's sarcoma in lung.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Patterns of mediastinal metastases in bronchogenic carcinoma.

The location and frequency of metastases to the lymph nodes were documented in a review of 200 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma who underwent pulmonary resection and total lymph node resection. No nodal metastases were found in 120 patients (60 percent). Metastases were present in only lobar or hilar nodes (or both) in 32 patients (16 percent), and 34 (17 percent) had metastases in mediastinal nodes as well as in lobar or hilar nodes. Only mediastinal nodal metastases were found in 14 patients (7 percent). Previously described lymphatic pathways can explain the presence of metastases in mediastinal nodes alone. Unexplained findings were the higher prevalence of mediastinal nodal metastases in adenocarcinoma vs squamous cell carcinoma and a much higher frequency of mediastinal metastases without lobar or hilar involvement (or both) in patients with adenocarcinoma compared to those with squamous cell carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

The biological operability of stage III non-small cell lung cancer.

Stage III non-small cell lung cancer represents a broad spectrum of anatomical and histological subsets of patients with differing biological characteristics and prognostic expectations. Our experience with 161 consecutive patients undergoing complete resection for Stage III non-small cell lung cancer at the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute from 1965 through 1980 includes 69 patients with T3 N0 or N1 disease and 92 patients with an N2 classification. The cumulative 5-year survival overall was 30%: 35.6% for the T3 N0 or N1 group and 26% for the N2 patients. Seventy-three patients had squamous cell carcinoma and 76, adenocarcinoma. Small numbers of patients had other miscellaneous classifications (N = 12). In the T3 N0 or N1 subset, 43% of the patients with squamous cell carcinoma (N = 37) and 23% of those with adenocarcinoma (N = 25) survived 5 years. In the N2 subset, 39% of the patients with squamous cell carcinoma (N = 36) and 14% of the group with adenocarcinoma (N = 52) achieved long-term survival. Failure of treatment was clinically documented in 61 patients. The first observed recurrence or metastasis was at a distant site in the majority of these patients. Operative intervention for patients with Stage III M0 non-small cell lung cancer is effective and reflects the impact and limitations of resection on disease progression. Adjuvant irradiation was not shown to improve the outcome over the results of operation alone. Effective systemic therapy will be required to produce substantial changes in end results.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

A surgical approach to the treatment of pericardial effusion in cancer patients.

Pericardial effusion in patients with malignant disease often presents a difficult management problem. Effective therapy for the condition can prolong and improve the quality of life and permit further treatment of malignancies in previously compromised patients. Nonsurgical treatment of pericardial effusion, including repeated pericardiocenteses and radiation therapy, is associated with a significant failure rate and occasional complications. In our experience, surgical drainage of the pericardium is successful in controlling the effusion in over 90% of those treated. It is a safe procedure, even in patients with advanced disease. Survival duration after pericardial window formation is dependent on the underlying disease status and rarely is adversely affected by the surgical procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Critical evaluation of the gallium-67 scan for surgical patients with lung cancer.

Seventy-five patients with lung cancer underwent a gallium scan and thoracotomy with total mediastinal nodal dissection. Evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes by means of the gallium scan showed a sensitivity of 23 percent (3/13), a specificity of 82 percent (31/38), an accuracy of 67 percent (34/51), a positive predictive valve of 30 percent (3/10), and a negative predictive value of 76 percent (31/41) in those patients whose primary tumors demonstrated uptake of radioactive gallium. The low sensitivity was due to an inability to detect microscopic disease in mediastinal lymph nodes. The specificity was decreased by gallium-67 uptake in enlarged inflamed nodes that contained no metastases. These results do not support the use of the gallium scan in the selection of patients with lung cancer for thoracotomy.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1984

Prognostic factors in patients with resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer. A report from the Lung Cancer Study Group.

The authors present prognostic information on recurrence and survival for resected Stage I lung cancer patients with squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma or large cell carcinoma. The data derive from 392 carefully staged patients and include results from the history and physical examination, preoperative laboratory tests, nature of the surgery, complications, initial pathologic findings following surgical resection, and final pathologic review. A simple multivariate model of recurrence, which is used to classify patients into low, intermediate, and high-risk groups, is based on tumor size and location (T1, T2), histologic type (squamous, nonsquamous/mixed) and nodal status (N0, N1). To model survival, the performance status and the presence of empyema, pneumonia, or wound infection were added to the previous factors. Not all factors associated with increased mortality are associated with increased risk of recurrence, and, in particular, postoperative empyema, pneumonia or wound infections carry an increased risk of death only. Serial measurements of performance status and leukocyte count have the potential for monitoring for increased risk of recurrence and death.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1984

Surgery for pulmonary metastasis: a 20-year experience.

During a recent 20-year period, 556 patients underwent operation for pulmonary metastasis at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston. The surgical mortality was 1.5% for 772 resections. A selection of 443 patients was made to evaluate the contribution of operative intervention as a primary treatment, with selective adjunctive therapy when applicable. The success of a surgical approach is dependent primarily on adherence to selection criteria; it is important that only patients in whom all known disease can be completely removed with the planned resection and who have full control of the primary site are treated. The overall survival for the group was 35%. For patients with carcinoma, survival ranged from 24% for those with primary uterine cervix tumors to approximately 54% for urinary tract, male genital tract, and corpus of uterus primary tumors. In the group with sarcoma, patients with skeletal tumors had a 46.4% survival rate (50.7% for those with osteogenic sarcoma), and 33% of the patients with soft tissue tumors had long-term survival. The outcome for patients with melanoma was poor; only 12.1% survived 5 years. If the original criteria apply, multiple and bilateral lesions can be successfully managed. Patients undergoing planned adjuvant treatment had a superior outcome compared with those not so treated. However, a significant survival advantage was shown only for patients with sarcoma. The failure to control all disease in patients in whom pulmonary metastasis is controlled surgically can only be improved on through the use of systemically active adjuvant treatment.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1984

A perspective on chest wall resection in patients with breast cancer.

The morbidity from locally recurrent breast cancer or osteoradionecrosis and accompanying infection is substantial. The selective use of surgical resection offers good palliation. Extended full-thickness chest wall resection is facilitated by a variety of techniques available for closure and coverage including use of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap, pectoralis myocutaneous flap, breast flap, and omentum with skin graft. The experience with 43 consecutive chest wall resections in patients with breast cancer affords the opportunity to define indications and contraindications for such palliative procedures. Indications include local symptoms of pain and infection, tumor recurrence refractory to radiation therapy, and infection that precludes chemotherapy. Relative contraindications are pulmonary metastases, bone metastases, hepatic metastases, and malignant pleural effusions. Absolute contraindications are brain metastases, bone marrow involvement, bulky disease in two organs, and breakthrough on multiple chemotherapy regimens. Operative revision was only required in 4 of 43 patients. Minor wound complications occurred in 12 (28%). Three patients who underwent resection for local recurrence have survived 40 months or more free from disease. This procedure provides substantial palliation by relieving pain, controlling infection, removing a weeping wound, and allowing chemotherapy for metastatic disease. In the proper setting, chest wall resection is an important part of the armamentarium for palliation of the patient with breast cancer. It can markedly improve quality of life and occasionally may result in long-term survival.

Abscess↗
PubMed1984

Open lung biopsy in immunocompromised patients.

Increased use of open lung biopsy in the search for a treatable etiology of acute interstitial pneumonitis (AIP) in immunocompromised patients is based on the assumption that examination and cultures from biopsy specimens will yield significant information leading to beneficial treatment of the condition. To assess the true impact of the results of open lung biopsy on the subsequent treatment and outcome in such patients, a retrospective study was done of 64 consecutive patients undergoing the procedure in a recent five-year period. When open lung biopsy was performed for the diagnosis of AIP in immunocompromised patients after empiric broad spectrum treatment failed, it rarely missed a specific, treatable etiology, if present. However, the results from open lung biopsy infrequently lead to a change in the treatment that improves the patient's clinical course.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy and radiation therapy of extensive small cell carcinoma of the lung.

In a randomized study 145 patients with extensive small cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with chemotherapy alone (Cytoxan, CCNU, methotrexate) or with the same drug regimen and with radiation therapy to the brain, chest, and abdomen. One hundred eighteen of these patients were evaluable. Those patients receiving radiation had a better response rate (55% vs 31%, P = .016) but significantly greater toxicity. There was no significant difference in rates of complete response (7% vs 8%) or in survival (median 18.4 vs 15.3 weeks) between the two groups overall. The median survival of those patients with a partial response to therapy was 18 weeks; for those achieving a complete response it was 46 weeks. However, a clear difference in survival comparing responders with non-responders was evident only for patients who were assigned to chemotherapy alone. Partial regressions have little, if any, correlation with improvement in survival. Therapy in this disease must be oriented toward inducing complete response.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

[Combined (surgical and drug) therapy of lung cancer].

The paper deals with an evaluation of the immediate and end results as well as the rates of lung tumor progression in the course of surgical and combined therapy including different schedules of long-term administration of preparation CCNU. Combined therapy was shown to be followed by a longer remission and survival, as compared with cancer patients in control. The said effect was particularly pronounced is cases of squamous-cell carcinoma and in patients treated with levomycetin.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1983

Modern thirty-day operative mortality for surgical resections in lung cancer.

Modern postoperative mortality rates for resectional operations for lung cancer are not readily available. In recent publications estimating the risk factors for surgical resection, mortality rates of 10% to 15% for pneumonectomy and 5% to 7% for lobectomy are frequently quoted. In order to determine modern operative mortality rates (up to 30 days postoperatively), the Lung Cancer Study Group (LCSG) analyzed the surgical mortality rates of the various participating centers during the years 1979 to 1981. A total of 2,200 resections for lung cancer were available for analysis. Of the 2,220 resections performed, 1,058 were lobectomies, 569 were pneumonectomies, and 143 were lesser resections (segmental or wedge). Eighty-one postoperative deaths occurred from among the 2,220 resections (3.7%). The mortality rate for pneumonectomy was 6.2% and for lobectomy, 2.9%. Lesser resections carried a 1.4% mortality rate, not statistically different from lobectomy. In patients under the age of 60 years, the mortality rate was 1.3%, 60 to 69 years, 4.1%, and over 70 years, 7.1%, all significantly different (p less than 0.01). The postoperative mortality rate for patients 70 years or older was 7.1% (pneumonectomy 5.9% and lobectomy 7.3%). It is obvious that greater care was taken in selection among the older pneumonectomy patients. The striking similarity of postoperative mortality rates for resectional operations for lung cancer among the various centers of the LCSG and among the various institutions within these centers suggest that these data are a reasonably accurate analysis of modern surgical mortality rates in the treatment of lung cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Regional and overall pulmonary function changes in lung cancer. Correlations with tumor stage, extent of pulmonary resection, and patient survival.

Spirometry and regional pulmonary function studies using xenon 133 gas were performed in 251 patients who had primary lung cancer. Surgical resection was undertaken in 150 while the remainder were treated with nonsurgical modalities. Pulmonary function studies were repeated postoperatively in 54 patients. Regional ventilation and perfusion of the tumor-bearing lung were decreased in patients with larger primary tumors and in those with involvement of ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes. Reduced regional function was also directly related to the proximity of the primary tumor to the hilum. Significant hypoperfusion did not contraindicate operation in 14 patients; however, 13 of them required pneumonectomy. Estimated postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1.0), derived from preoperative spirometry and regional function of the tumor-bearing lung, correlated well with the measured postoperative values. These estimations were valuable in determining the extent of safe resection and correlated well with short-term survival. Long-term survival correlated better with the stage of disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The natural history of resectable metastatic melanoma (Stage IVA melanoma).

One-hundred-two patients with malignant melanoma who had distant metastases surgically resected and were judged to be clinically free of disease (M. D. Anderson Stage IVA melanoma) were studied. The median survival for all the patients from time of diagnosis of stage IVA disease was 18 months. The site of the resected metastases did not appear to influence survival, being approximately the same for the brain (15 months), lung (16 months), intraabdominal (18 months), and skin and/or lymph nodes (23 months). The site of the resected metastases also did not influence the median disease-free interval. Patients who had metastases resected from several organs at the same time had a median survival of 15 months, which was similar to that of patients with one resected site. Patients who were rendered Stage IVA on several occasions by surgical excisions had a median survival of 36 months. Thirty-five patients received surgery only and 67 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or combined chemoimmunotherapy after surgery. For the group treated with surgery only, the median disease-free interval and survival from diagnosis of stage IVA disease were 6 months and 16 months, respectively, and for the adjuvant group 6 months and 21 months, respectively. Specifically, by the type of adjuvant therapy, the median disease-free interval and survival from stage IVA for 23 patients receiving Corynebacterium parvum were 6.9 and 19 months; for 39 patients receiving BCG, eight months and 26 months; for 24 patients receiving BCG + DTIC, eight and 17.4 months; and for all 51 DTIC treated patients 6.3 and 17.8 months, respectively. Patients receiving BCG had a median survival superior to the surgery only group (P = 0.02). An increase in survival was seen predominantly in patients who achieved IVA status more than once and received BCG. Patients with recurrent soft-tissue metastases appeared to benefit most from BCG in prolonging the disease-free interval. Only 1/10 treated by surgery alone had a disease-free interval longer than 1 year, compared with 9/16 who received BCG (P = 0.01). Stage IVA melanoma appears to be distinctly different in prognosis from Stage IVB melanoma and should be classified separately. Patients with recurrent soft-tissue disease may benefit significantly from treatment with BCG.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Parenteral nutrition in esophageal cancer patients.

A review of operative therapy in 244 patients with esophageal cancer from 1960 to 1980 was done to evaluate the impact of TPN in 72 patients treated from 1973 to 1980 with 43 non-TPN patients treated during the same period and to 129 patients operated upon before 1973. Mean age, sex distribution, site, stage, and treatment of the disease were similar for the two study groups. The TPN group lost less weight during treatment (3 lbs vs. 11 lbs) and had fewer overall complications postoperatively (24% vs. 41%). Significant reductions in major wound, infectious, and postoperative complications were noted in these patients who received at least 5 days of preoperative TPN compared with postoperative TPN or the non-TPN groups (4% vs. 24% and 23%). Malnourished esophageal cancer patients can more safely undergo aggressive operative therapy and radiation treatment when adequate perioperative nutritional support is added to the treatment armamentarium.

Adenocarcinoma↗