Biomedical subjects

C E Shaw

Publications and source records attributed to C E Shaw.

58 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed1968

Inhibition of Histoplasma capsulatum by Candida albicans and other yeasts on Sabouraud's agar media.

The inhibition of growth of Histoplasma capsulatum by Candida albicans and other yeasts on Sabouraud's agar was investigated. Histoplasma (yeast-phase inoculum) was grown alone and in mixtures with yeasts at 25 C for 4-week periods. As few as 10 colonies of C. albicans completely inhibited the growth of approximately 50,000 potential colonies of Histoplasma. The pH was determined in cultures of 36 colonies of Candida on media containing 1, 2, and 4% glucose by spotting the agar with pH indicators. A drop in the pH became noticeable in all three media about the 3rd day of incubation, and a pH of 3.5 was reached in about 7 days. Subsequently, the pH remained almost stationary in the 4% glucose-agar, rose slowly in the 2% glucose-agar, and rose sharply in the 1% glucose-agar. The growth of Histoplasma was inhibited completely at pH 4 and below. When the pH was controlled in mixed cultures, some growth of Histoplasma was obtained. Substitution of maltose for glucose delayed the development of acidity and allowed the appearance of numerous mycelial colonies in the presence of Candida. This growth was arrested as soon as the medium became acid. Four other species which also acidified the Sabouraud's medium effected similar inhibition. It was thus shown that severe and prolonged acidity produced by some yeasts in the sugar-rich Sabouraud's media is alone sufficient to completely inhibit Histoplasma during the standard 4-week incubation of specimens such as sputum.

Candida↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Injuries during the one repetition maximum assessment in the elderly.

PURPOSE: A decrease in strength, and its associated loss of functional ability is common among the elderly. Although resistance training can reverse this decline, associated injuries with frequently used strength assessments may present a greater risk. METHODS: To evaluate the injuries associated with maximal strength evaluations, 83 relatively healthy elderly subjects (40 men and 43 women, 65.8 +/- 6.2 years) with and without prior weight training experience performed 1 repetition maximum testing (1 RM) involving 5 different exercises: chest press, leg extension, abdominal curl, arm curl, and seated calf raise. Subjects were separated into three groups depending on weight training experience, Group 1 had no weight training experience (n = 32), Group 2 had < 6 months of training (n = 24), and Group 3 had > 6 months of training (n = 27). Injury assessment was made 30 minutes, 2 days, and 7 days posttesting. RESULTS: Two Group 1 subjects sustained an injury (2.4% of total subjects, 8% of Group 1). Eighty-one subjects safely completed the 1 RM assessment without injury (97.6% of total). Forty-eight of the 83 subjects complained of muscle soreness after testing (58% of total). This complaint alone was not sufficient to be categorized as an injury. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that 1 RM testing is an acceptable tool in strength evaluations in the elderly. Additional precautions may be needed in inexperienced, elderly individuals to prevent injury.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of a submaximal exercise orientation on cardiopulmonary cycle ergometer stress test results in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Orientation sessions are sometimes used to habituate subjects before exercise stress testing. The extent of habituation in older subjects has not been clearly defined. Additionally, the use of repetitive maximal stress testing as an orientation method may not be necessarily applicable in the aged. METHODS: To determine if the employment of a submaximal orientation session would effect cardiopulmonary cycle ergometer exercise results, 266 older adults (68.6 +/- 5.0 years) male (n = 100) and female (n = 166) subjects participated in this study. One hundred thirty-one subjects received an orientation before stress testing. One hundred thirty-five did not. RESULTS: Analysis of resting values revealed no significant differences. Separate gender analysis was performed at submaximal workloads. Men were examined at 0, 60, and 105 Watts; women at 0, 45, and 75 Watts. Oriented subjects displayed significantly lower heart rates for both males and females at all submaximal workloads. Oxygen uptake was significantly lower for oriented women at 45 Watts (P < or = .05) and men at 60 Watts (P < or = .05). Oriented males displayed significantly lower systolic blood pressure at 0 Watts (P < or = .05), 60 Watts (P < or = .01), and 105 Watts (P < or = .05). The oriented group reached ventilatory threshold (VeT) at a higher workload (P < or = .001), lower heart rate (P < or = .001), and higher VO2 uptake (P < or = .05). Nonoriented subjects obtained a significantly higher maximal heart rate than oriented subjects (147 +/- 15.7 beats per minute (bpm) vs. 140 +/- 17.1 bpm, P < or = .01). Separate gender analysis revealed a significant difference (P < or = .01) in maximal heart rate in males (oriented = 137.4 +/- 18.8 bpm vs. nonoriented = 147.7 +/- 15.7 bpm). Although nonoriented women achieved a higher maximal heart rate, the difference was not significant (146.9 +/- 15.8 bpm vs. 142.6 +/- 16.0 bpm). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that both male and female older subjects display significant modification in physiologic performance from habituation after a single submaximal exercise orientation session. This effect was greater at submaximal than maximal workloads, and appears to be greater than that previously reported in younger subjects.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A proposed campaign to increase the use of restraint systems for young children who ride in cars.

In the United States, motor vehicle accidents are the number one killer of children under 5 years of age, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Repeated studies show that correct, consistent use of child restraint systems is a proven method of preventing many unnecessary deaths. Yet current data from NHTSA's National Accident Sampling Survey show that only 35 percent of infants under 1 year of age, and only 25 percent of toddlers between 1 and 4, are protected by child restraints when they ride in cars. The authors believe that an innovative public awareness campaign, based on a Presidential proclamation giving national priority to encouraging correct use of child restraint systems, would serve both to increase the public's knowledge of car safety issues and to increase the number of parents who provide restraint protection for their children. Our proposal is unique in that it is a multidimensional approach with its main focus on children under 5 as a target population. We advocate continued appeal to the adult consumer population but believe that long-term results will be more significant if children are addressed as well. The main emphasis of our proposal is on local community involvement, yet Federal acknowledgement of the problem of safety for small children in cars--and support of efforts to solve this problem--are necessary to reinforce the efforts of grassroots organizations.

Accident Prevention↗