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Biomedical subjects

C E Moore

Publications and source records attributed to C E Moore.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Effect of supplemental conjugated linoleic acids on heat-stressed brown swiss and holstein cows.

Heat-stressed dairy cattle are bioenergetically similar to early-lactation cows in that dietary energy may be inadequate to support maximum milk and milk component synthesis. Study objectives were to evaluate whether conjugated linoleic acids- (CLA-) induced milk fat depression (MFD) during heat stress would allow for increased milk and milk component synthesis. In addition, CLA effects on production variables and its ability to induce MFD were compared between Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. Multiparous cows (n = 8, Holstein; n = 5, Brown Swiss) averaging 97 +/- 17 d in milk were used in a crossover design during the summer (mean temperature-humidity index = 75.7). Treatment periods were 21 d with a 7-d adaptation period before and between periods. During adaptation periods, all cows received a supplement of palm fatty acid distillate (242 g/d). Dietary treatment consisted of 250 g/d of CLA supplement (78.9 g/d of CLA) or 242 g/d of palm fatty acid distillate to provide equal amounts of fatty acids. The CLA supplement contained a variety of CLA isomers (3.0% trans-8, cis-10; 3.4% cis-9, trans-11; 4.5% trans-10, cis-12; and 4.8% cis-11, trans-13 CLA). Treatments were applied 2 x/d with half of the supplement top-dressed at 0600 h and the remainder top-dressed at 1800 h. There was no overall treatment effect on dry matter intake (23.9 kg/d), milk yield (40.0 kg/d), somatic cell count (305,000), protein (2.86%), or lactose content (4.51%) or yields of these milk components. Supplementation with CLA decreased overall milk fat content and yield by 26 and 30%, irrespective of breed. The reduction of milk fat content and yield was greatest on d 21 (28 and 37%, respectively). Energy availability predicted by energy balance was improved with CLA supplementation compared with controls (3.7 vs. 7.1 Mcal/d, respectively). Respiration rate (78 breaths/min) and skin temperature (35.4 degrees C) during maximum heat load were not affected by treatment. The group receiving CLA had higher total milk fat CLA concentration (9.3 vs. 4.9 mg/g). Supplementation with CLA induced MFD and altered milk fat composition similarly between breeds and improved calculated energy balance during heat stress, but had no effect on production measures under these conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of week of lactation and genetic selection for milk yield on milk fatty acid composition in Holstein cows.

Control (CL) and select line (SL) dairy cows (n = 22) managed identically but differing in milk yield (>4100 kg/305 d) were used to determine differences in milk fatty acid profile as lactation progressed. Milk yield was recorded daily and milk samples were collected during wk 1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 postpartum for milk composition analysis. Milk samples from wk 1, 8, and 16 were also analyzed for fatty acid composition. Select-line cows produced more milk (44.4 vs. 31.2 kg/d) and milk components than CL cows during the 16-wk period. There was no difference in rate of milk yield increase, but peak milk yield for SL cows was greater and occurred later in lactation. There were no differences in milk SCC or milk fat, protein, or lactose content. Selection for milk yield did not affect the content of most individual milk fatty acids; however, compared with CL, SL cows had a reduced Delta(9)-desaturase system and tended to produce milk with lower monounsaturated fatty acid content. Selection for milk yield did not affect milk fatty acid origin but the percentage of de novo fatty acids increased and preformed fatty acids decreased as lactation progressed. Milk fat trans-11 18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid increased with progressing lactation (10.7 vs. 14.1 and 3.1 vs. 5.4 mg/g, or 31 and 76%, respectively) and were correlated strongly among wk 1, 8, and 16 of lactation. Temporal changes in the Delta(9)-desaturase system occurred during lactation but these changes were not correlated with milk fat cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid content. Results indicate prolonged genetic selection for milk yield had little effect on milk fatty acid composition, but milk fatty acid profiles varied markedly by week of lactation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Increasing amounts of conjugated linoleic acid progressively reduces milk fat synthesis immediately postpartum.

Mixed conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers decrease milk fat synthesis during established lactation, but their ability to cause milk fat depression (MFD) immediately postpartum remains unclear. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 19) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 doses of rumen-protected (RP) CLA supplements (0, 200, 400, and 600 g/d); each dose provided equal amounts of fatty acids by replacing and balancing treatments with an RP supplement of palm fatty acid distallate. Doses provided a total of 468 g fatty acids/d and 0, 62, 125, or 187 g of mixed CLA isomers/d, respectively. The CLA supplement contained a variety of CLA isomers: 5.4% trans-8, cis-10; 6.3% cis-9, trans-11; 7.9% trans-10, cis-12; and 8.2% cis-11, trans-13 CLA. Each group received treatments from approximately -10 to 21 d relative to calving. To improve palatability and ensure complete consumption, doses were mixed with equal amounts of steam-flaked corn and dried molasses; one-half the supplement was fed at 0600 h, and the remaining supplement was fed at 1800 h. Milk yield and individual feed intake were recorded daily, and milk samples were obtained from each cow every 2nd day (at both milkings) starting on d 1 postpartum. There were no differences in dry matter intake (17.1 kg/d), milk yield (34.2 kg/d), protein content (3.74%), lactose content (4.61%), or yield of milk protein or lactose. The CLA supplementation decreased overall milk fat content in a dose-responsive manner (4.57, 3.97, 3.32, and 3.10, respectively), and milk fat yield displayed the same progressive decline. The dose-dependent decrease in milk fat content was evident during wk 1 and became highly significant during wk 2 and 3. The milk fat yield response pattern was similar, and by d 21, the highest RP-CLA supplement decreased milk fat content and yield by 49 and 56%, respectively. These data clearly indicate RP-CLA can markedly (40 to 50%) induce MFD immediately postpartum without negatively affecting other production parameters.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as tools for typing Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a microepidemiological setting.

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Staphylococcus aureus is well suited to the study of global or long-term epidemiology, but its role in local epidemiology has not been defined. The present study has compared MLST with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) by using S. aureus isolates associated with carriage and disease in a busy regional renal unit. One hundred forty-four patients were prospectively recruited, of whom 103 were receiving hemodialysis and 41 were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Three nasal swab specimens were obtained 1 month apart on entering the study. A nasal swab was positive for S. aureus on at least one occasion in 50 patients (35%). Typing of the 104 carriage isolates demonstrated 21 PFGE types and 21 sequence types (STs). Thirty-one carriers had two or more positive nasal swabs; of these, the isolates in all swabs from a given carrier had identical PFGE types for 29 carriers; the isolates in all of the same 29 swabs had identical STs. The carriage strain in two patients changed both PFGE type and STs during the period of swabbing. Eight patients (6%) had an episode of S. aureus bacteremia during the 12-month study period, and two of these were nasal carriers. One of these invasive isolates had the same PFGE type and ST as the carriage isolate. There were no differences between Simpson's index of diversity for PFGE and Simpson's index of diversity for MLST for both invasive and carriage isolates, suggesting that the two methods have very similar discriminatory abilities. We conclude that PFGE and MLST performed equally in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of pilot-related equipment and archaeological strategy in the recovery of aircrew losses from the Vietnam War.

Determining the location and distribution of cockpit and aircrew-related equipment within the wider debris field of a military aircraft crash site is an essential first step in planning and executing the recovery of missing aircrew members presumed still to be on the site. Understanding the spatial relationship of these materials improves the likelihood of finding and recovering the remains of the aircrew during the excavation of an aircraft crash site. Since the greater portion of these unaccounted for crewmembers were involved in aircraft with single-seat cockpits or cockpits with two or three seats in tandem, pre-analysis of the debris pattern may be more-or-less straightforward. Larger, multiple-personnel aircraft, on the other hand, create a potentially more complex analytical situation given the aircrew's greater freedom of movement within the aircraft. Nevertheless, the same fundamental principles apply and, indeed, have been successfully so for some time in the civilian arena. But older aircraft crash sites, i.e., those dating to World War II, Korea, or the Vietnam conflict, have been and still are undergoing taphonomic processes that progressively alter these relationships. The following will illustrate that exchange of information between the anthropologist/archaeologist and the life-support analyst is required to maximize the effectiveness of field recovery and demonstrates the relationship between the recovery of life-support equipment and human remains and the effect that aircraft type has on this relationship.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed2001

Human locognosic acuity on the arm varies with explicit and implicit manipulations of attention: implications for interpreting elevated tactile acuity on an amputation stump.

In Experiment 1, normal subjects' ability to localize tactile stimuli (locognosia) delivered to the upper arm was significantly higher when they were instructed explicitly to direct their attention selectively to that segment than when they were instructed explicitly to distribute their attention across the whole arm. This elevation of acuity was eliminated when subjects' attentional resources were divided by superimposition of an effortful, secondary task during stimulation. In Experiment 2, in the absence of explicit attentional instruction, subjects' locognosic acuity on one of three arm segments was significantly higher when stimulation of that segment was 2.5 times more probable than that of stimulation of the other two segments. We surmise that the attentional mechanisms responsible for such modulations of locognosic acuity in normal subjects may contribute to the elevated sensory acuity observed on the stumps of amputees.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A link between virulence and ecological abundance in natural populations of Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of severe infection in humans and yet is carried without symptoms by a large proportion of the population. We used multilocus sequence typing to characterize isolates of S. aureus recovered from asymptomatic nasal carriage and from episodes of severe disease within a defined population. We identified a number of frequently carried genotypes that were disproportionately common as causes of disease, even taking into account their relative abundance among carriage isolates. The existence of these ecologically abundant hypervirulent clones suggests that factors promoting the ecological fitness of this important pathogen also increase its virulence.

Carrier State↗
PubMed2001

Recombination within natural populations of pathogenic bacteria: short-term empirical estimates and long-term phylogenetic consequences.

The identification of clones within bacterial populations is often taken as evidence for a low rate of recombination, but the validity of this inference is rarely examined. We have used statistical tests of congruence between gene trees to examine the extent and significance of recombination in six bacterial pathogens. For Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, the congruence between the maximum likelihood trees reconstructed using seven house-keeping genes was in most cases no better than that between each tree and trees of random topology. The lack of congruence between gene trees in these four species, which include both naturally transformable and nontransformable species, is in three cases supported by high ratios of recombination to point mutation during clonal diversification (estimates of this parameter were not possible for Strep. pyogenes). In contrast, gene trees constructed for Hemophilus influenzae and pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli showed a higher degree of congruence, suggesting lower rates of recombination. The impact of recombination therefore varies between bacterial species but in many species is sufficient to obliterate the phylogenetic signal in gene trees.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Investigation of the functional correlates of reorganization within the human somatosensory cortex.

Much work in animals and humans has demonstrated the existence of changes in topographic organization within the somatosensory cortex (SSC) after amputation or nerve injury. Afferent inputs from one area of skin are able to activate novel areas of cortex after amputation of an adjacent body part. We have investigated the functional consequences of this reorganization in a group of patients with nerve injury. Using the microneurographic technique of intraneural microstimulation (INMS) we stimulated groups of nerve fibres, within individual fascicles proximal to the nerve transection, with small electrical pulses. This enabled us to activate the deafferented cortex that had presumably undergone remodelling and study the conscious percepts described by the subjects. In 39 fascicles from 10 subjects, we found that the sensations evoked on INMS were no different from those reported previously by subjects with intact nerves. This finding suggests that such reorganization within the SSC has little effect on the function of deafferented cortical neurones or subcortical relay stations. In a separate set of experiments, INMS was performed in 16 nerve fascicles from an adjacent non-injured nerve or uninjured fascicle within a partially injured nerve. The sensations evoked by INMS in these experiments were also comparable to those obtained in normal subjects. This indicates that the expanded cortical representation of adjacent non-anaesthetic skin does not influence the cortical processing of afferent information. Taken together, these findings lead us to question the notion that reorganization of connections within the somatosensory cortex equates to a change in function. Whilst it may be advantageous that the human brain is not 'hard-wired', neurophysiological proof of functional plasticity in the adult somatosensory system as a result of deafferentation is elusive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cortical focusing is an alternative explanation for improved sensory acuity on an amputation stump.

The ability to localize a sensory stimulus on the body surface (locognosia) has been investigated in normal subjects in a quest to find an explanation for the reported findings of improved sensory acuity on an amputation stump. We have shown that when attending to a smaller area of skin, during the testing procedure, locognosia improves (P < 0.001) by a similar degree to that seen in amputees. Such selective attention is likely to occur in upper limb amputees as they have a reduced area of skin on which to focus during sensory testing. This represents a further explanation for improved sensory acuity on an amputation stump without implicating plasticity of connections within the somatosensory cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Critical pathways in anterior cranial base surgery.

New advances in anterior cranial base surgery have dictated the need for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of lesions of this area, necessitating multiple modes of diagnostic and surgical techniques. Traditional consideration of the complex problems presented by neoplastic involvement of the anterior cranial base predicated on isolated syndrome analysis is no longer sufficient to adequately assess tumor pathology. To address these complex problems, we discuss a method of localization of pathology based on anatomic structure and function as well as the corresponding surgical approach to the anterior cranial base.

Cavernous Sinus↗
PubMed1999

Subcranial approach to tumors of the anterior cranial base: analysis of current and traditional surgical techniques.

Tumors of the anterior cranial base have previously required a craniofacial resection to allow adequate tumor extirpation. An analysis of current and traditional techniques demonstrates a significant reduction in operative time, complication rate, and intensive care unit and total hospital length of stay with the use of the subcranial approach as compared with the traditional frontal craniotomy and lateral rhinotomy approach. The subcranial approach is both cost and time efficient and provides comparable morbidity and mortality rates.

Blood Loss, Surgical↗
PubMed1999

High-risk human papillomavirus types and squamous cell carcinoma in patients with respiratory papillomas.

Respiratory papillomas (RPs) are benign, virally induced tumors of the larynx and respiratory epithelium that may obstruct the airway and tend to recur frequently. RPs are thought to be the result of infection with the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) types 6 and 11. We surveyed archival RP specimens to determine whether there were correlations of HPV type with patient characteristics or clinical course. Paraffin-embedded papilloma specimens of 45 different patients were analyzed. We assessed HPV types using the polymerase chain reaction with E6 consensus primers, hybrid capture assays (high or low risk), and dot blot hybridization of generic E6 PCR products with E6 type-specific oligonucleotide probes. The presence and type of HPV were correlated with patient data from a retrospective chart review. We found that RPs may have either low- or high-risk HPV types and some contain multiple HPV types. Respiratory infection with high-risk HPV apparently introduces a long-term risk of squamous cell carcinoma development, even in the absence of conventional cofactors. Low-risk HPV infection may also act in association with these cofactors to promote carcinogenesis. Our data also show a racial imbalance in RP that may indicate a difference in genetic resistance and/or susceptibility to HPV infection and the development of RP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Craniofacial resection: decreased complication rate with a modified subcranial approach.

The authors have successfully utilized a modified subcranial approach to the anterior skull base, based upon the procedure first described by Joram Raveh, as an alternative to standard craniofacial resection. The complication rate of this procedure in 31 consecutive cases (28 tumors, 2 congenital malformations, and 1 mucocele) has been 19.4% with no permanent complications, no deaths, no new neurological deficits, no brain injuries, no infections, and no seizures. Minor complications without permanent sequelae included two cases of tension pnenmocephalus, a subdural hygroma, two transient cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and a case of bacterial meningitis secondary to fecal contamination of a lumbar drain in a child. Average length of hospitalization was 7.1 days (range 2 to 16 days). The overall complication rate is considerably below the complication rate for other reported craniofacial procedures. We describe the technique we have used and the results. The subcranial approach as described herein provides wide exposure of the anterior cranial base without brain retraction, does not require prolonged operating times or hospitalization, and has a potentially lower complication rate than reported for other transfrontal transbasal approaches.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Orthodromic near-field potentials of the intratemporal facial nerve.

HYPOTHESIS: This study aimed to assess the electrophysiologic parameters of near-field action potentials recorded from the intratemporal facial nerve. BACKGROUND: Assessment of facial nerve function is limited because of the inaccessibility of the majority of its course deep in the temporal bone. Indirect measurements have therefore evolved in which stimulation distal to most major pathology and indirect recordings from the tissues the nerve supplies offers some evidence as to facial function. Recording from the intratemporal portion of the facial nerve is possible. Antidromic nerve action potentials can be recorded from an extratympanic electrode after stimulation of peripheral facial nerve branches. This technique offers new alternatives to the assessment of the facial nerve. METHODS: The facial nerve was electrically stimulated close to the brain stem, and monopolar recordings were taken distally at several points along its intratemporal course. Averaging techniques produced a reliable and reproducible triphasic waveform that then was analyzed. RESULTS: Neuromuscular blockade had no effect on amplitude of the waveform. Recording at different points along the nerve course showed an increasing nerve potential latency with increasing distance from the stimulus. The amplitude of the waveform decreased as the recording electrode was moved away from the nerve. These findings are in keeping with the electrophysiologic properties of a near-field nerve action potential. Conduction velocity along the facial nerve averaged 23.7 m/s and was found to vary along different nerve segments. CONCLUSION: Facial nerve action potentials can be recorded from within the temporal bone despite its multidirectional course through different volume conductors. These action potentials exhibit the same characteristics as those arising from more accessible peripheral nerves.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Red bluebirds and black greenflies: preschoolers' understanding of the semantics of adjectives and count nouns.

Three experiments explored preschoolers' and adults' understanding of the distinctive semantic functions of adjectives (i.e., to name properties) and count nouns (i.e., to name object kinds). In Experiment 1, we modeled a familiar adjective (e.g., "blue") syntactically as either an adjective (e.g., "This is a blue one") or a count noun (e.g., "This is a blue") and applied it to a target object (e.g., a blue creature). In Experiments 2 and 3, we marked the adjective phonologically as either an adjective (e.g., "This is a blue bird") or a part of a count noun (e.g., "This is a bluebird") and applied it to a target object (e.g., a blue bluebird). In all experiments, participants then had to extend the expression they heard to either an object of a different kind with the same property as the target (e.g., a different creature or bird colored blue) or an object of the same kind with a different property (e.g., the same creature or bird colored red). Four-year-olds and adults, but not 3-year-olds, who heard the adjective version were more likely than those who heard the count noun version to choose the object with the same property. Thus, by the age of four years, children treated a word's lexical category, cued syntactically or phonologically, as a powerful cue to its meaning.

Adult↗