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Biomedical subjects

C E Cooper

Publications and source records attributed to C E Cooper.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Modulation of cytochrome oxidase kinetics by indirect antibody action.

Polyclonal antibodies raised against isolated subunit V from beef heart cytochrome oxidase or against the intact enzyme increase its apparent affinity for the substrate cytochrome c at the high-affinity site while diminishing the turnover at that site. At the low-affinity site the major action of both types of antibody is to reduce the apparent affinity for cytochrome c. At high ionic strengths the kinetic effect of anti-subunit V is very small although it still binds to the enzyme. The results are interpreted in terms of a model for the enzyme in which antibodies can modulate cytochrome oxidase kinetics by affecting the binding of cytochrome c, even if the antibody-binding site is on a subunit not directly involved in substrate binding.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of subunit V antibodies on the topology of the subunit and the activity of beef heart cytochrome-c oxidase.

Redox-sensitive epitopes on subunit V of beef heart cytochrome-c oxidase were demonstrated previously using polyclonal subunit-specific antibodies raised in rabbits. The antibodies only slightly inhibited electron transfer, and the accessibility of their epitopes depended on the presence of a membrane and on the redox state of the oxidase. The present paper describes additional preparations of antibodies raised against subunit V. These antibodies have an even higher subunit specificity, they are more than three times as inhibitory against electron transfer, and their binding does not require a membrane. Moreover, the redox-sensitive nature of their binding to detergent-dispersed oxidase is sensitive to the method of its isolation. We discuss inferences that can be drawn from a detailed quantitative comparison of the interactions of the two antibody preparations with the antigen in different environments. The techniques used in the comparison can be used to examine other perturbants of the oxidase as to their effects on specific segments of the enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of antibodies to intact cytochrome-c oxidase and its subunit V on the enzymatic activity.

Antibodies have been raised in rabbits against whole beef heart cytochrome-c oxidase and purified subunit V. Antioxidase recognizes nearly all the enzyme subunits but reacts very strongly with subunits II and IV. Antisubunit V is quite specific against subunit V. Inhibition of enzyme activity by antioxidase is typically biphasic in time, indicating populations of both rapidly and slowly reacting molecules. Variation of cytochrome c concentration shows partially competitive kinetics, but the antibody also affects "internal" enzymatic events, including the catalytic turnover induced by N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine alone and the spin-state change in cytochrome a3 that follows reduction of cytochrome a. No spectral effects can be seen however. Antioxidase also inhibits proteoliposomal respiration with external cytochrome c, but not that with internally trapped cytochrome c. No functionally significant epitopes are detectable on the N side of the membrane in proteoliposomes, although some small effects can be seen with submitochondrial particles. Antisubunit V inhibits the isolated enzyme by at least 60%. The inhibition at high ionic strength induces a biphasic pattern with respect to cytochrome c concentration. Antisubunit V may thus slow the dissociation of cytochrome c from its complex with the enzyme. Antisubunit V has only small effects on the activities of proteoliposomal and submitochondrial particle oxidase in either orientation. On subunit V, some sites, the binding of which can give rise to inhibition, are thus not accessible to antisubunit V when the enzyme is embedded in a functional membrane system.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Antibodies as probes of cytochrome oxidase structure and function.

Antibodies have been raised in rabbits against whole beef heart cytochrome oxidase and against purified subunit V. Western blot analysis showed that antioxidase was largely composed of anti-II and anti-IV antibodies but some anti-I and antibodies against small subunits were elicited. Similar analysis of anti-V showed it to be relatively specific against subunit V. Three types of anti-V were identified by ELISA with intact enzyme: (i) weak binding and redox independent, (ii) stronger binding, redox-dependent (binding only to reduced or partially reduced enzyme), and membrane-independent, and (iii) moderate-binding, redox-dependent & membrane-dependent. Inhibition of enzyme activity by anti-oxidase was biphasic in time, indicating populations of rapidly- and slowly- reacting molecules. Variation of cytochrome c concentration showed partially competitive kinetics, but the antibody also affected 'internal' enzymatic events including the turnover rate with TMPD and the spin-state change in cytochrome a3 that follows reduction of cytochrome a. No spectral effects could however be seen. Antioxidase also inhibits proteoliposomal respiration with external cytochrome c but not that with internally-trapped cytochrome c. No functionally significant epitopes occur on the N (matrix) side of the membrane. The more strongly binding anti-V inhibits the isolated enzyme by at least 60%. The inhibition at high ionic strength induces a biphasic pattern with respect to cytochrome c concentration. Anti-V may thus slow the dissociation of cytochrome c from its complex with the enzyme. The redox-dependent, membrane-dependent anti-V (reported previously) gave only about 20% inhibition of the enzyme. The effective anti-V antibody had little if any influence on the activity of proteoliposomal oxidase in either orientation. Some sites on subunit V whose binding can give rise to inhibition are not accessible to anti-V when the enzyme is embedded in a functional membrane system.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Activity of proteoliposomes containing cytochrome oxidase in the submitochondrial orientation.

Cytochrome-c oxidase proteoliposomes containing internally trapped cytochrome c can turn over on internal or external cytochrome c. At low TMPD levels the internal activity is significantly lower than the external activity as the functional internal cytochrome c is not fully reduced in the steady state. Increasing TMPD concentration increases the internal rate to equal that of the external enzyme. Internal activity results in the accumulation of TMPD+. Valinomycin increases this accumulation and subsequently FCCP decreases it. In the presence of excess external cytochrome c, the effects of these ionophores are reversed. The internally-facing enzyme is thus capable of generating a delta mu H+ in proteoliposomes as well as in submitochondrial particles.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Antibacterial activity of resolved temocillin epimers.

The antibacterial activity of pure resolved R and S epimers of temocillin was determined in a variety of in-vitro test systems, including those that allowed measurement of activity during the early period following exposure to the agents, thus minimising the effect of epimerization. In conventional agar- and broth-dilution susceptibility tests involving incubation at 37 degrees C for 18 h, little difference was evident between the activities of the individual epimers. In contrast, in other tests of antibacterial activity, such as time-kill and turbidimetric studies, the R epimer and temocillin (R/S mixture 1.8:1.0) were shown to be more rapidly bactericidal than the S epimer. Overall, the R epimer and temocillin (R/S) exhibited a similar degree of bactericidal activity in vitro.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1985

Temocillin. In vitro antibacterial activity.

Temocillin, a 6-alpha-methoxy penicillin derivative, was tested in vitro against 516 recent clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. The compound exhibited good antibacterial activity, with 95% of isolates inhibited by a range 2 to 16 mg/L. Further studies, against selected isolates resistant to ticarcillin, piperacillin and cefuroxime (Klebsiella oxytoca, 25; Enterobacter species, 34; and Citrobacter species, 5), showed about half of the isolates of K. oxytoca (11/25) to be resistant to aztreonam (MIC range 16-greater than or equal to 128 mg/L), but susceptible to temocillin, cefotaxime and latamoxef. In general, the resistant strains of Enterobacter species tested were not susceptible to cefotaxime (MIC range 16-128 mg/L), or aztreonam (MIC range 1.0-64 mg/L), and many exhibited reduced susceptibility to latamoxef (MIC range 2-128 mg/L). In contrast, all the strains were susceptible to temocillin (MIC range 4-16 mg/L). The bactericidal activity of temocillin was confirmed against selected aztreonam-resistant strains of K. oxytoca and Enterobacter cloacae by conventional time-kill studies, and against a strain of E. cloacae in an in vitro model system designed to simulate the temocillin concentration profiles attained in extravascular fluid such as peripheral lymph. In the time-kill studies, temocillin concentrations of 16 and 32 mg/L were shown to effectively reduce the numbers of viable bacteria by 99 and 99.9%, respectively, within 12 hours. In the in vitro model system the numbers of bacteria were reduced 99.9% over the initial 4-hour period. In combination with aminoglycoside antibiotics, temocillin exerted a synergistic or partially synergistic effect (sigma FIC less than or equal to 0.75) against the majority of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa tested. When combined with piperacillin, cefotaxime or latamoxef, temocillin, unlike cefoxitin, exhibited no antagonism against strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing inducible cephalosporinases.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Babies at risk.

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Child Abuse↗
PubMed1970

A field on Che.

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Argentina↗