Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to C E Adams.
In several ways the scope of rural nursing practice differs from that of urban nursing. This study showed that rural rural directors of nursing are adjusting their leadership style to accommodate these differences. However, in the process of making these adjustments, the directors may be limiting their leader effectiveness.
Stability in the chief nurse executive (CNE) position contributes to organizational efficiency, effectiveness, and success; yet, CNE turnover remains relatively high. In this study, the relationship between the problem-solving styles of CNEs and their chief executive officers (CEOs) and CNE tenure was studied. Data showed that the problem-solving style of the CNE/CEO pair was related to CNE tenure. The author discusses implications for CNE/CEO pairs and for CNEs who value job stability.
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Codependence is a progressive emotional and behavioral disease that makes life painful. Because of nursing's historical roots and the present role of advance-practice nurses in the health care system, nurse practitioners are at risk for developing this disease. Codependence interferes with nurse practitioner's job performance by causing dysfunctional interactions with supervisors, peers and subordinates. A personal program of recovery is the only way to halt the progress of this syndrome and to re-establish healthy work patterns. The stages of recovery from codependence are identification, awareness, reintegration and genesis. Tools of recovery include involvement in a 12 Step program, connecting with other recovering people, daily affirmations and meditations, and attending programs and workshops on codependence.
It is 4:30 p.m. and Christie, a school nurse, is just finishing work. She feels helpless, exhausted, and driven as she reviews the day's activities and the many tasks not done. To be ready for tomorrow's work, she realizes she must take work home to complete that night. Christie has worked as a school nurse for 10 years. She is the only school nurse for the 2,500 students enrolled in one high school, one junior high school, and three elementary schools. This student population includes a number of developmentally disabled children. Because Christie works in a school system rather than a medical facility, she has no immediate medical support or back-up. Christie feels a keen sense of responsibility to provide a good school health program, yet she worries about whether she is doing an adequate job. Christie is beginning to feel resentment and anger at the long hours she works and the multiple demands on her time, but she has difficulty expressing those feelings. Sometimes she even feels guilty about having them--after all, her job is to meet the health care needs of the children in her schools. Christie wonders if her supervisor, a school administrator, understands and appreciates all the work she does.
The objective of this study was to determine the sources of cholecystokinin within the neostriatum of the cat. Cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells and fibers were detected by means of the peroxidase antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique. This method was combined with intrastriatal injections of the retrograde marker horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat-germ agglutinin to survey the possible afferent sources of cholecystokinin to the feline neostriatum. Intrinsic, apparently aspiny cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons organized in a pericapsular pattern were found within both the caudate and putamen of the cat. In addition, both thalamostriatal and mesostriatal projections containing cholecystokinin were observed. These results indicate that cholecystokinin within the neostriatum of the cat arises from both intrinsic and extrinsic sites.
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This study was designed to determine whether caudate neurons would respond to microphoretic application of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in early postnatal periods in the cat. Extracellular recordings were performed in 175 neurons in developing kittens and 114 neurons in adult cats. At the earliest ages tested (1-10 days), caudate cells were excited by microphoretic application of glutamate and were inhibited by application of GABA. The results also indicated that caudate units have lower response thresholds to application of glutamate and GABA in early postnatal periods than in later periods. Since previous findings indicated that synaptically mediated inhibitory potentials develop during later postnatal periods in the cat, the present findings suggest that receptors for GABA may be capable of functioning before presynaptic endings make operational contacts.
Three experiments were carried out to find the optimal concentration of DMSO and glycerol in BF5 diluent for freezing rabbit spermatozoa. Semen was diluted 1:1 with diluent A (BF5 + DMSO) at 25 degrees C and diluted further 1:1 with diluent B (diluent A + glycerol) after cooling down to 5 degrees C. Diluted semen was frozen immediately and stored in liquid nitrogen. Maximum percentages for motility and normal acrosomes were obtained in the presence of 12% DMSO (as expressed in diluent A) and 3% glycerol (final concentration) after thawing.
Intracellular protein degradation in perfused livers of fed rats has been shown to be directly regulated by 7 amino acids (Leu, Tyr, Gln, Pro, Met, His, and Trp) and co-regulated by alanine. Responses to graded increases of regulatory amino acids (individually or combined) are multiphasic and include (a) an initial inhibition at 0.5 times normal plasma concentrations, (b) a localized, zonal loss of inhibition at normal levels, and (c) suppression to basal rates at 4 times normal concentrations or greater; the zonal loss of inhibition is prevented by 0.5 mM (normal) alanine. In further perfusion studies carried out at the usual time (1100 h), we have occasionally observed a sharp decrease in proteolytic responsiveness at normal amino acid concentrations. The decrease, which occurred spontaneously in normal fed rats, was attributed to a nearly 90% loss in the sensitivity of alanine co-regulation. In all instances, alanine sensitivity was restored after 4 to 24 h of starvation. The cause of the insensitivity and the mechanism of its reversal by caloric deprivation are not presently known. Starvation for 24 h also appeared to alter the individual inhibitory effectiveness of Leu, Tyr, and Gln. On the other hand, inhibition by the full regulatory group at 4 times normal plasma levels was unchanged when compared with the complete plasma mixture except for a concentration shift in the peak zonal loss of proteolytic inhibition from 1.25 to 0.6 times plasma levels. Since the shift paralleled known changes in portal vein regulatory amino acids, it may have been adaptive in nature. As with fed animals, the zonal loss in starvation was abolished by 0.5 mM alanine, but not with high levels of lactate and pyruvate (10 mM), a finding consistent with the view that co-regulation is mediated by the recognition of alanine per se rather than its metabolism.
Basal rates of long-lived (resident) protein degradation in rat liver, measured during perfusion after amino acid suppression of macroautophagy, were shown to be strongly regulated by caloric deprivation, decreasing 70% over 48 h in animals fed a high protein diet and 50% in normal controls. Intralysosomal pools of degradable protein correlated directly with basal turnover over this range, yielding a slope (0.09 min-1) that was virtually identical with previous estimates of macroautophagic turnover. The specific radioactivity of valine released from lysosomes in previously labeled livers was the same as that in plasma in both basal and deprivation-induced states. Quantitative electron microscopy revealed a significant decrease with starvation in the absolute volume of a class of secondary lysosome (type A) previously associated with basal or microautophagy. By contrast, the volumes of other microautophagic forms, which comprised roughly 10% of the total, did not change. Taking 0.087 min-1 as the turnover constant of degradable intralysosomal protein and assuming that the concentration of sequestered protein was the same in all vacuoles as that in cytoplasm, we obtained close agreement between predicted and observed rates of basal protein turnover over the range of regulation. The results support the view that the lysosomal system is the final step in the basal degradation of long-lived proteins in the hepatocyte and that a specific class of secondary lysosome (type A) plays a direct role in its regulation during caloric starvation.
The ability to use the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) method for studying neuronal connections at the electron microscopic level is often difficult because the conditions of osmification and dehydration used in processing the tissue may result in significant loss and/or decreased electron density of the reaction product. In the present study, we report that stabilization of TMB reaction product with 5% ammonium molybdate (AM) prior to osmificating the tissue results in the formation of TMB-AM crystals that are many times more electron dense and resistant to ethanol extraction than non-stabilized TMB crystals. The nature of the chemical interaction that underlies the stabilization of TMB by AM is uncertain, but it may involve the formation of an insoluble salt between molybdic ions and the TMB polymer. The use of this simple procedure increases the sensitivity of the TMB procedure at the electron microscopic level and may be used to label neuronal pathways in the peripheral and central nervous systems with equal success.
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Basal forebrain neurons with axon collaterals that project to widely divergent cortical areas were identified using retrograde transport of two labels. A proportion of neurons in the basal forebrain have axon collaterals that project to both anterior (precruciate gyrus) and posterior (marginal and suprasylvian gyri) cortical areas or to medial (precruciate gyrus) and lateral (ectosylvian and anterior suprasylvian gyri) cortical areas. These branched fibers originate from cells located predominantly in the basal nucleus of Meynert. The existence of such neurons suggests that individual basal forebrain cells are capable of influencing widespread neocortical zones in the cat.
Horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin injected into the superior cervical ganglion is taken up by the neuronal perikarya and transported anterogradely in large quantities into peripheral fibers and axonal terminals in a variety of orofacial and cerebral tissues, including the iris, cornea, pineal gland, facial skin and the adventia of cerebral and facial blood vessels. Subsequent histochemical processing according to the tetramethylbenzidine procedure produces a unique, highly visible intraaxonal marker that makes the identification and 3-dimensional tracing of the sympathetic nerve fibers clear and unambiguous at both the light and electron microscopic levels.
The religious and cultural beliefs of the Amish result in many health care beliefs and practices which are significantly different from the dominant American culture. For example, the Amish are excluded from social security and health insurance coverage; they have different perceptions of health and illness; they do not practice birth control; they often lack the preventive practices of immunizations and prenatal care; and they may use a variety of traditional and nontraditional health care providers. Only by understanding the religiocultural belief system of this minority religious sect can nurse practitioners effectively meet the health care needs of their Amish patients.
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A patient's blood pressure may vary considerably and not be a sign of a pathological process in the patient. Environmental factors which cause blood pressure changes are climate, temperature and time of day. There are also age and sex differences in blood pressure. Body and extremity position, activity and exercise, food, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and psychological stress are behavioral factors which alter blood pressure. When the nurse practitioner measures a patient's blood pressure, as many transient variables as possible need to be controlled. Those factors which cannot be controlled must be carefully evaluated so the NP does not erroneously interpret the blood pressure change as a sign of pathology.