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Biomedical subjects

C Davis

Publications and source records attributed to C Davis.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Products cooked in preheated versus non-preheated ovens. Baking times, calculated energy consumption, and product quality compared.

Plain muffins, yellow cake, baked custard, apple pie, tuna casserole, frozen tuna casserole, cheese soufflé, and meat loaf were baked in preheated and non-preheated standard gas, continuous-clean gas, standard electric, and self-cleaning electric ovens. Products generally required 5 min. or less extra baking time when cooked in non-preheated rather than in preheated ovens. The variability in baking times often was less between preheated and non-preheated ovens than among oven types. Calculated energy consumption values showed that usually less energy was required to bake products in non-preheated than in preheated ovens; savings averaged about 10 percent. Few significant differences were found in physical measurements or eating quality either between preheated and non-preheated ovens or among oven types. Overall, for the products tested, findings confirmed that preheating the oven is not essential for good product quality and, therefore, is an unnecessary use of energy.

Conservation of Energy Resources↗
PubMed1982

National surveillance for Reye syndrome: a five-year review.

National surveillance for Reye syndrome conducted during five years, including the period 1973-1974 and December 1976 through November 1980, has resulted in the reporting of more than 2,000 cases of Reye syndrome. The highest reported incidence of Reye syndrome occurred during years of primary influenza B and A (H1N1) activity; the reported incidence during one period of influenza A (H3N2) activity was somewhat lower. Regional outbreaks of Reye syndrome have been associated with influenza A (H1N1) and B but now with influenza A (H3N2). Cases of Reye syndrome in whites tend to be distributed throughout all age groups whereas a large percentage of cases in blacks have been reported in infants less than 1 year of age in three of the past four years. Nationally, there has been a decline in the case-fatality ratio in recent years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Depression, antidepressants, and plasma DBH.

Plasma levels of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were determined in 16 unmedicated patients with major depressive episodes (nonpsychotic) and in an equal number of normal subjects, before and after 4 weeks of treatment with tricyclic antidepressants. Some eight patients were treated with amitriptyline, and the remainder received desipramine. The controls remained medication free during the entire experimental period. Degrees of depression were quantified before and after treatment with the Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression (HRSD). There were no significant differences between the depressed patients and the controls on levels of DBH. Similarly, there were no within-group, pre-posttreatment differences on the enzyme levels in either group. Pre- and posttreatment HRSD scores did not correlate with corresponding plasma DBH levels. Plasma levels of amitriptyline, nortriptyline (product of amitriptyline in the body), and desipramine at the end of 4 weeks of treatment also failed to correlate with the enzyme levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Effect of various degrees of systemic arterial hypertension on acute canine myocrdial ischemia.

There is continuing uncertainty about the effects of various degrees of systemic arterial hypertension on myocardial ischemia. In 46 open-chest anesthetized dogs, intramural carbon dioxide tension (PmCO2) was measured directly with a mass spectrometer during repetitive 10-min coronary artery occlusions separated by 45-min periods of reflow. During each occlusion, transmural regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) in the ischemic area was quantitated with the injection of radioactive microspheres (7-10 micrometers diam). In all dogs the increase in PmCO2 from before to 10 min after the first occlusion (delta PmCO2) exceeded that during subsequent occlusions. In those dogs in which systemic arterial hypertension was not produced (controls), delta PmCO2 during the third occlusion was similar to that during the second occlusion. When phenylephrine was administered during the third occlusion to increase systemic arterial pressure mildly (diastolic pressure 95-115 mmHg), RMBF to the ischemic myocardium was unchanged, and the severity of myocardial ischemia was reduced, as reflected by a fall in delta PmCO2. When diastolic pressure was elevated moderately (116-140 mmHg), RMBF was augmented, but the extent of myocardial ischemia was neither diminished nor worsened. In contrast, when diastolic pressure was increased markedly (greater than 140 mmHg), myocardial ischemic injury was intensified (as reflected by an increase in delta PmCO2) even though RMBF rose significantly. Thus, in the dog with acute coronary artery occlusion, an increase of systemic arterial pressure exerts an influence on the severity of myocardial ischemic injury that is related directly to the magnitude of systemic arterial hypertension: a mild increase of pressure reduces ischemic injury, a moderate increase exerts no consistent effect on ischemia, and a marked increase worsens ischemic injury.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

The effect of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside on intramural carbon dioxide tension during acute experimental myocardial ischemia in dogs.

There is continuing controversy over the effects of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside on myocardial ischemia. In 36 open-chest, anesthetized dogs with normal left ventricular filling pressures, intramural carbon dioxide tension (PmCO2) was measured directly with a mass spectrometer during repeated 10-minute coronary artery occlusions separated by 45-minute periods of reflow. Simultaneously, regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) in the ischemic area was quantified by the microsphere technique. In all dogs the increase in PmCO2 from before to 10 minutes after the first occlusion (delta PmCO2) exceeded that during subsequent occlusions. In those dogs not receiving an intervention (controls), delta PmCO2 during the third occlusion was similar to that during the second occlusion. When nitroglycerin was administered before the third occlusion, it caused a significantly smaller elevation in delta PmCO2 than that which occurred during the control second occlusion, and transmural RMBF to the ischemic region was not altered. In contrast, sodium nitroprusside sufficient to reduce mean systemic arterial pressure to the same extent as nitroglycerin caused no change in delta PmCO2 and a significant decrease of transmural RMBF to the ischemic region. Thus, in the dog with normal left ventricular filling pressures, nitroglycerin reduces myocardial carbon dioxide tension, but nitroprusside given to produce similar hemodynamic alterations exerts not effect on intramural PCO2.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Not Available].

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Biology↗
PubMed1981

Premature labor. II. Bacterial sources of phospholipase.

Human term labor is thought to be initiated by amniotic and chorionic phospholipase A2, an enzyme that liberates arachidonic acid esters from the phospholipids of these membranes, leading to the synthesis of prostaglandins by the placental membranes. The striking association of premature labor with intrauterine infection or contamination, urinary tract infection, and early neonatal sepsis led us to study the microorganisms present in these infections for phospholipase A2 activity. Activity was found in Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus fecalis, Streptococcus A and B, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pneumococcus, Lactobacillus, and Mycoplasma hominis. Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, and S viridans had the highest activities. The specific activities of phospholipase A2 from these organisms were several times higher than that of the membrane phospholipase A2 of the amnion and chorion. We postulate that premature labor may be initiated by microorganisms with phospholipase A2 activity from endocervical and/or intrauterine contamination or infection, producing deacylation of arachidonic acid from amniotic phospholipids with increased concentrations of free arachidonic acid and increased prostaglandin synthesis, which triggers labor.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Rapid assessment of health status and preventive-medicine needs of newly arrived Kampuchean refugees, Sa Kaeo, Thailand.

In the disaster relief programme for Kampuchean refugees in Thailand, epidemiological techniques were incorporated into the health-planning process during the first 2 weeks of the refugee influx. The findings influenced not only health care in the first refugee camp but also the delivery of medical services in subsequent camps. The mortality rate in the first week of refugee settlement was 9.1/10 000/day, and fell to 0.71/10 000/day by the fifth week. Children aged 4 and under had the highest risk of death. Fever/malaria was the main cause of morbidity and mortality. Simple epidemiological techniques, if initiated early in the relief effort, can influence medical decisions and lead to more effective use of health resources.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Association of participation in a nutritional program for the elderly with nutritional status.

The nutritional status of 547 participants of the Title VII Nutrition Program for the Elderly was assessed by anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary means. The nutriture for vitamins A and C was positively associated with frequency of participation in the program using biochemical and dietary methods of assessment. A significant smaller percentage of persons who participated in the program on a regular basis had inadequate intakes of riboflavin and thiamin. Fewer persons had anemia and low serum iron concentrations than was reported in an earlier baseline study. However, in this group of persons frequency of participation was not associated with anemia or serum iron-concentrations. Participation in the program was not significantly related to the dietary intake of energy, saturated fat, and cholesterol or to the incidence of obesity when assessed using triceps skinfold thickness, ponderal index, body mass index, and percentage of desirable weight. It can be concluded that the Title VII Nutrition Program for the Elderly is associated with improvement in the nutritional status of the participants.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Tachyphylaxis to beta-adrenoceptor agonists in human bronchial smooth muscle: studies in vitro.

In studies on human isolated peripheral airway smooth muscle; 1 A concentration dependent beta-adrenoceptor tachyphylaxis was observed to isoprenaline. 2 Cross desensitization to other beta-adrenoceptor agonists was demonstrated. 3 The desensitization was reversible with time. Hydrocortisone appeared to accelerate the recovery from the desensitized state. Low concentration isoprenaline (10(-9) mol l-1) prevented recovery whereas cyclohexamide 1.8 x 10(-4) mol l-1 had no noticeable effect on recovery. Continued occupancy of the receptor appears to prevent recovery. The recovery from the desensitized state does not apparently require synthesis of new proteins. 4 Bronchial wall cyclic AMP response to isoprenaline was attenuated after isoprenaline induced desensitization whereas total phosphodiesterase activity of bronchial wall was not altered by desensitization. Thus by exclusion the adenylate cyclase receptor complex may be altered in human peripheral airway smooth muscle beta-adrenoceptor tachyphylaxis.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗