Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

C Crawford

Publications and source records attributed to C Crawford.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Sleep recording in the home with automatic analysis of results.

Sleep recordings can now be carried out in the home using the Oxford Medilog recording system, and analysed automatically by the Oxford Medilog Sleep Stager. The Sleep Stager follows the recommendations of Rechtschaffen and Kales: its purpose is to review a period of recorded sleep, allocate a stage to each epoch and print out the results in the form of a hypnogram and various sleep statistics. Manual and automatic staging of 20 recordings were compared epoch by epoch. Percentage agreement over these recordings ranged from 74 to 89 (mean 84).

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effect of furosemide on urinary acidification in distal renal tubular acidosis.

Furosemide stimulates urinary acidification in normal humans probably by increasing distal Na delivery and transport, thus creating a favorable electric gradient for H+ and K secretion. Therefore, furosemide should stimulate urinary acidification in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis, provided the distal nephron is capable of transporting Na and the H+ pumps can respond to the favorable electric gradient. We examined the effect of short-term furosemide administration on urinary acidification in five normal participants and 12 patients with normokalemic, hypokalemic, or hyperkalemic distal renal tubular acidosis. In controls, furosemide decreased urine pH and increased net acid and K excretion. In six of eight patients with normokalemic or hypokalemic renal tubular acidosis, furosemide decreased urine pH and increased net acid and K excretion to levels not significantly different from control values. The patients that had normal responses were interpreted as having a rate-dependent or gradient distal renal tubular acidosis, and thus increased distal Na delivery created a favorable electric gradient for H+ and K secretion. The normokalemic patients who did not have a response were considered to have a defect in the pumps (secretory defect). Of the four hyperkalemic patients, two had a voltage-dependent defect and the other two had aldosterone deficiency. The patients with selective aldosterone deficiency had low baseline urine pH values that did not change with furosemide administration, but net acid and K excretion did increase significantly. The patients with voltage-dependent defect did not lower urine pH or increase net acid and K excretion. Our data demonstrate that administration of furosemide enhances urinary acidification in certain patients with distal renal tubular acidosis. We suggest that furosemide administration may be useful in the characterization of the mechanism responsible for distal renal tubular acidosis and in the treatment of distal renal tubular acidosis in selected patients.

Acidosis, Renal Tubular↗
PubMed1983

Social problems after severe head injury.

Fifty-one cases of severe head injury were studied, all of whom were sufficiently badly injured to need full intensive-care treatment. The outcome was bad, only a quarter of the patients ever getting back to reasonable health, and less than one in ten recovering to full health. Relatives must be warned of the probable outcome, and the difficulties likely to be encountered well before the patient leaves hospital.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Asymptomatic gonorrhea in men: caused by gonococci with unique nutritional requirements.

In a retrospective case-control study, gonococci with nutritional requirements for arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil were recovered from 24 of 25 men with asymptomatic gonorrhea and 10 of 25 men with symptomatic gonorrhea (P = .0001). These strains represent a smaller proportion of gonococcal isolate from blacks than from whites. Asymptomatic urethral infection is important in the epidemiology of gonorrhea, particularly among whites.

Arginine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting the effect of livestock inputs of E. coli on microbiological compliance of bathing waters.

Three alternative approaches to predicting delivery of faecal indicators from livestock sources to surface water in the catchment of the River Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland, are described. These are a soil transport model which assumes all E. coli are transported through the soil, a regression model using observed E. coli concentrations in surface waters, and a distributed catchment model (PAMIMO). Each of these is linked to a simple group of equations describing inputs of E. coli from livestock to land, transport and inactivation in the river Irvine and mixing and inactivation in the sea. The models predict E. coli content of bathing water for Irvine beach. The regression model gives the best predictions of bathing water quality. The low values predicted by the soil transport model suggests that preventing surface runoff of faecal indicators from livestock would provide an adequate solution to the problem of bathing water contamination.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physiological sleep disturbance in children with atopic dermatitis: a case control study.

It is generally acknowledged that sleep disturbance commonly complicates atopic dermatitis (AD), but the nature of this disturbance, including its physiologic aspects, has been little studied, especially in children. The results of home polysomnography (PSG) were compared for 20 school-age children with AD and sex- and age-matched healthy controls. The findings provided objective confirmation of disruption of sleep by both brief and longer awakenings associated with scratching episodes. Sleep efficiency was reduced but other sleep variables were not significantly affected. Home sleep studies offer advantages for further investigation of the factors involved in the link between AD and sleep disturbance, and the assessment of the contribution made by this disturbance to the daytime psychological problems of children with AD.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical significance of increasing histologic severity of acute inflammation in the fetal membranes and umbilical cord.

The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of varying histologic stages of inflammation in the placental membranes and cord. Acute inflammation was histologically staged in fetal membranes and umbilical cord sections from 2899 placentas received from consecutive singleton deliveries. Then clinical data were collected for a subset of randomly selected placentas with stage 1 through stage 4 membrane inflammation (n = 212) and without significant inflammation (stage 0, n = 216). Statistical analyses revealed that increasing stage of membrane inflammation was associated with an increasing rate of funisitis, perinatal death, and preterm birth (P < .05). Inflammation permeating the entire trophoblastic layer of the chorion (stage 1) was associated with clinical symptoms of intrauterine infection and thus was an important pathologic finding. Acute necrotizing chorioamnionitis was very strongly associated with perinatal death and preterm birth. Acute funisitis was a more specific but less sensitive marker for perinatal complications than inflammation in the membranes. With increasing stage of funisitis, there was an increased incidence of clinical symptoms of intrauterine infection, preterm birth, and perinatal death. Almost three-fourths of the cases with histologic evidence of membrane inflammation were clinically silent. In conclusion, increasing histologic stages of inflammation of the membranes and cord are associated with an increased rate of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Stage I membrane inflammation provides a clinically acceptable minimum threshold for the reporting of pathologic changes.

Biomarkers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medical student education in sleep and its disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pattern of medical student teaching about sleep and its disorders in the UK. DESIGN: A questionnaire was sent to organisers of preclinical and clinical courses in which aspects of sleep and its disorders might appropriately be included. SETTING: All UK medical schools. RESULTS: There was an overall 71% response rate, with all medical schools represented. A wide variation (80-6%) was seen between departments in the provision of such teaching. The median total time given to sleep and its disorders in undergraduate teaching as a whole was five minutes, for preclinical teaching 15 minutes, and zero in clinical teaching. Teaching was particularly limited on the various types of sleep disorder common in clinical practice, and also on non-medication treatments. Little consistency was evident in teaching format, recommended reading, use of other instructional material and student assessment. Awareness of local sleep research or clinics was reported by very few. CONCLUSIONS: As in other countries, undergraduate medical teaching is inadequate as a basis for the development of competence in diagnosing and treating sleep disorders, which are common and cause difficulties in all sections of the population. There is a need to correct this deficiency in ways compatible with recent recommended changes in medical education.

Clinical Competence↗