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Biomedical subjects

C Chintu

Publications and source records attributed to C Chintu.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

The spectrum of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn infant.

A series of 1,704 infants of blood group O mothers have been studied to determine the relation between the degree of red cell sensitization and the cord hemoglobin and bilirubin concentrations. The infants with blood group A or B had significantly higher cord bilirubin and lower cord hemoglobin concentrations than the group O babies. Those infants whose red cells had the greatest evidence of sensitization had the highest bilirubin and lowest hemoglobin levels. The infants in whom no antibody was demonstrable on the red cells or in the red cell eluate also had significantly higher cord bilirubin and lower cord hemoglobin levels than the ABO compatible group; it is suggested that these infants had sufficient erythrocyte sensitization to produce mild hemolysis. ABO incompatibility represents a spectrum of hemolytic disease extending from those in which there is little laboratory evidence of erythrocyte sensitization, but evidence of hemolysis, to severe hemolytic disease in which erythrocyte sensitization is usually easily demonstrable.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1975

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in two children with Graves disease.

Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and hyperthyroidism coexisted in two children. In one, hyperthyroidism developed nine years after the onset of purpura. In the other, the two diseases appeared concomitantly. It is important to distinguish the thrombocytopenia due to ITP from that due to antithyroid drugs.

Azathioprine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The tuberculosis pandemic: implications for health in the tropics.

Among infectious diseases, tuberculosis is the leading cause of death, killing around 3 million people each year. Most cases occur in young adults but it is also a major cause of illness and death in children. The problem has been exacerbated in recent years by the HIV pandemic and by the emergence of multidrug resistance. Co-infection with HIV greatly enhances the risk of overt tuberculosis and in 1999 it is expected that tuberculosis will account for 30% of the predicted 2.5 million AIDS-related deaths. By inducing clinically and radiologically atypical forms of tuberculosis, and by increasing pressure on diagnostic facilities by sheer numbers, serious diagnostic difficulties are increasingly occurring in both adults and children in the tropics. At the present time, 2% of all cases of tuberculosis are multidrug resistant but, as the treatment of such cases is often grossly inadequate in many tropical countries, their frequency will doubtless grow. There are no simple solutions to the global emergency of tuberculosis: clearly there is a need for better use of available control measures but there is also a need to reach a much clearer understanding of the underlying immune phenomena in this disease so as to develop more effective vaccines and therapeutic agents. Finally, it cannot be ignored that tuberculosis is a disease of poverty--95% of cases and 98% of deaths due to it occur in the developing nations--and thus a major control measure is a resolution of the gross inequities in health care provision both between and within nations.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: No trials of co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) prophylaxis for HIV-infected adults or children have been done in areas with high levels of bacterial resistance to this antibiotic. We aimed to assess the efficacy of daily co-trimoxazole in such an area. METHODS: We did a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial in children aged 1-14 years with clinical features of HIV infection in Zambia. Primary outcomes were mortality and adverse events possibly related to treatment. Analysis was by intention to treat. FINDINGS: In October, 2003, the data and safety monitoring committee recommended early stopping of the trial. 541 children had been randomly assigned; seven were subsequently identified as HIV negative and excluded. After median follow-up of 19 months, 74 (28%) children in the co-trimoxazole group and 112 (42%) in the placebo group had died (hazard ratio [HR] 0.57 [95% CI 0.43-0.77], p=0.0002). This benefit applied in children followed up beyond 12 months (n=320, HR 0.48 [0.27-0.84], test for heterogeneity p=0.60) and across all ages (test for heterogeneity p=0.82) and baseline CD4 counts (test for heterogeneity p=0.36). 16 (6%) children in the co-trimoxazole group had grade 3 or 4 adverse events compared with 18 (7%) in the placebo group. These events included rash (one placebo), and a neutrophil count on one occasion less than 0.5x10(9)/L (16 [6%] co-trimoxazole vs seven [3%] placebo, p=0.06). Pneumocystis carinii was identified by immunofluorescence in only one (placebo) of 73 nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with pneumonia. INTERPRETATION: Our results suggest that children of all ages with clinical features of HIV infection should receive co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in resource-poor settings, irrespective of local resistance to this drug.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Case definitions for paediatric AIDS: the Zambian experience.

For the purpose of surveillance of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in developing countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended criteria for the clinical case definition of AIDS in adults and children. In a preliminary examination of children in Zambia a number of patients with obvious AIDS did not fit the published WHO case definition for paediatric AIDS. Based on this the Zambia National AIDS Surveillance Committee designed local criteria for the clinical case definition of paediatric AIDS. We compared the Zambian criteria with the WHO criteria for the diagnosis of paediatric AIDS by studying 134 consecutively admitted children to one of the paediatric wards at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka. Twenty-nine of the patients were HIV-1 seropositive and 105 were HIV-1 seronegative. Among the 29 HIV-seropositive patients, the Zambian criteria identified 23, and the WHO criteria identified 20 children as having AIDS. The 105 HIV-seronegative children were classified as having AIDS in 9 cases by the Zambian criteria and in 38 cases by the WHO criteria. These results give the Zambian criteria for the diagnosis of AIDS a sensitivity of 79.3%, a specificity of 91.4% and a positive predictive value of 86.8% compared to a sensitivity of 69%, specificity of 64% and a positive predictive value of 38% for the WHO criteria. The current WHO criteria are inadequate for the diagnosis of paediatric AIDS. The need to refine the WHO criteria for the diagnosis of paediatric AIDS is discussed.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vasopressin-sensitive diabetes insipidus-a case report.

This is a case report of Vasopressin - Sensitive Diabetes Insipidus in a 5 year old Zambian Coloured male child together with a brief review of etiology, diagnosis and management of the condition.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Major congenital malformations in neonates at U.T.H. Lusaka Zambia.

The incidence of major congenital malformations in U.T.H., Lusaka during 1976 is reported. The incidence of some common major malformations are compared with the other series. Central nervous system and Alimentry system malformations were most frequent. The relative low incidence of anencephaly and cleft lip and palate in African newborns is confirmed.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Accidental poisoning in children in Lusaka.

An analysis of 378 cases of accidental poisoning by ingestion or inhalation in children admitted to the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, in 1978, is presented. The distribution was as follows: paraffin poisoning (57.1%), food poisoning (18.3%), other household poisons (11%) and "medicines" (10.8%). In 9 cases poison could not be identified. Two patients (0.5%) died.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacterial meningitis in infancy and childhood in Lusaka (One year prospective sturdy).

In approximately 10,000 admissions in a 12 months period, at University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka 85 cases of meningitis were recorded. The signs and symptoms in these patients do not greatly differ from other similar studies in Africa. The commonest organism isolated was pneumococcus. There was high mortality rate which was to a large extent due to parents not bringing their children to hospital early enough for medical treatment to be instituted. This is borne out by the fact that 50% of the children with meningitis died within the first 24 hours. The C.S.F. protein and peripheral white blood count may be of prognostic value. Spasticity, cranial nerve palsises hydrocephalus and subdural effusion were the commonest complications.

Cerebrospinal Fluid↗