Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

C Champagne

Publications and source records attributed to C Champagne.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002].

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Validity of a telephone-administered 24-hour dietary recall in telephone and non-telephone households in the rural Lower Mississippi Delta region.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if 24-hour dietary recall data are influenced by whether data are collected by telephone or face-to-face interviews in telephone and non-telephone households. DESIGN: Dual sampling frame of telephone and non-telephone households. In telephone households, participants completed a 24-hour dietary recall either by face-to-face interview or telephone interview. In non-telephone households, participants completed a 24-hour dietary recall either by face-to-face interview or by using a cellular telephone provided by a field interviewer. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Four hundred nine participants from the rural Delta region of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean energy and protein intakes. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Comparison of telephone and non-telephone households, controlling for type of interview, and comparison of telephone and face-to-face interviews in each household type using unpaired t tests and linear regression, adjusting for gender, age, and body mass index. RESULTS: Mean differences between telephone and face-to-face interviews for telephone households were -171 kcal (P = 0.1) and -6.9 g protein (P = 0.2), and for non-telephone households -143 kcal (P = 0.6) and 0.4 g protein (P = 1.0). Mean differences between telephone and non-telephone households for telephone interviews were 0 kcal (P = 1.0) and -0.9 g protein (P = 0.9), and for face-to-face interviews 28 kcal (P = 0.9) and 6.4 g protein (P = 0.5). Findings persisted when adjusted for gender, age, and body mass index. No statistically significant differences were detected for mean energy or protein intake between telephone and face-to-face interviews or between telephone and non-telephone households. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: These data provide support that telephone surveys adequately describe energy and protein intakes for a rural, low-income population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Diagnosis of trisomy 21: nuchal translucency and/or serum markers?].

OBJECTIVES: To compare alternative methods of antenatal screening for Down's syndrome (nuchal translucency measurement and second trimester maternal serum screening) in a low-risk population and to evaluate the consequences of a sequential estimation of risk. METHODS: In a consecutive series of 4308 women aged less than 38 with a singleton pregnancy, we examined the detection rate of nuchal translucency (NT) measurement at 10-14 weeks and maternal serum screening (MSS) by human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-feto-protein at 14-18 weeks. Women with a NT measurement = 3 mm and women with a MSS derived risk = 1/250 were recommended to have an amniocentesis. A second trimester detailed ultrasound scan was also performed in all women. The outcome of all pregnancies was entered in a computerized database and the detection rate and false-positive rate of different screening strategies were analysed. RESULTS: Of the 4308 pregnancies that were followed (mean maternal age 30.1 years), there were 12 cases of Down's syndrome (0.28%), all detected prenatally. Seven of twelve cases had a NT measurement above 3 mm (58%), and 6 out of ten cases with available MSS had a calculated risk = 1/250 (60%). Four of the five cases with NT measurement below 3 mm were detected by subsequent MSS. At a threshold giving 5% of positive tests, the sensitivity of NT screening and MSS were 75% and 60%, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Sequential screening for Down's syndrome by nuchal translucency and second trimester biochemistry is effective and appears to increase the detection rate compared to the use of any single test. However, this strategy is likely to raise the false-positive rate and the interpretation of MSS derived risk should be combined to the first trimester NT measurement.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed2000

Adenovirus E4 open reading frame 4-induced apoptosis involves dysregulation of Src family kinases.

The adenoviral early region 4 open reading frame 4 (E4orf4) death factor induces p53-independent apoptosis in many cell types and appears to kill selectively transformed cells. Here we show that expression of E4orf4 in transformed epithelial cells results in early caspase-independent membrane blebbing, associated with changes in the organization of focal adhesions and actin cytoskeleton. Evidence that E4orf4 can associate with and modulate Src family kinase activity, inhibiting Src-dependent phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin while increasing phosphorylation of cortactin and some other cellular proteins, is presented. Furthermore, E4orf4 dramatically inhibited the ability of FAK and c-src to cooperate in induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular substrates, suggesting that E4orf4 can interfere with the formation of a signaling complex at focal adhesion sites. Consistent with a functional role for E4orf4-Src interaction, overexpression of activated c-src dramatically potentiated E4orf4-induced membrane blebbing and apoptosis, whereas kinase dead c-src constructs inhibited E4orf4 effects on cell morphology and death. Moreover treatment of E4orf4-expressing cells with PP2, a selective Src kinase inhibitor, led to inhibition of E4orf4-dependent membrane blebbing and later to a marked decrease in E4orf4-induced nuclear condensation. Taken together, these observations indicate that expression of adenovirus 2 E4orf4 can initiate caspase-independent extranuclear manifestations of apoptosis through a modulation of Src family kinases and that these are involved in signaling E4orf4-dependent apoptosis. This study also suggests that Src family kinases are likely to play a role in the cytoplasmic execution of apoptotic programs.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed2000

Environmental cues and gene expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

Microorganisms typically adapt to environmental cues by turning on and off the expression of virulence genes which, in turn, allows for optimal growth and survival within different environmental niches. This adaptation strategy includes sensing and responding to changes in nutrients, pH, temperature, oxygen tension, redox potential, microbial flora, and osmolarity. For a bacterium to adhere to, penetrate, replicate in, and colonize host cells, it is critical that virulence genes are expressed during certain periods of the infection process. Thus, throughout the different stages of an infection, different sets of virulence factors are turned on and off in response to different environmental signals, allowing the bacterium to effectively adapt to its varying niche. In this review, we focus on the regulation of virulence gene expression in two pathogens which have been implicated as major etiological agents in adult and juvenile periodontal diseases: Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Understanding the mechanisms of virulence gene expression in response to the local environment of the host will provide crucial information in the development of effective treatments targeted at eradication of these periodontal disease pathogens.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Serum modulation of neutrophil response to Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS in periodontal disease.

Rapidly progressive periodontitis is a form of early onset periodontitis characterised by severe gingival inflammation and rapid bone loss. Release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria initiates various biological activities including complement activation, cytotoxicity, and bone resorption. Serum from rapidly progressive periodontitis patients has been reported to enhance the superoxide response of normal neutrophils to lipopolysaccharide purified from Porphyromonas gingivalis, compared to control serum. The purpose of this study was to identify the factor in rapidly progressive periodontitis serum which is responsible for the enhancement of lipopolysaccharide activity. Candidate molecules were considered to be lipopolysaccharide binding protein or antibody to lipopolysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein was quantified in serum by ELISA, and rapidly progressive periodontitis sera were found to contain two to three fold more lipopolysaccharide binding protein than control sera. Removal of lipopolysaccharide binding protein from either serum by adsorption to an anti lipopolysaccharide binding protein-sepharose affinity column removed the priming activity of normal neutrophils. Addition of exogenous lipopolysaccharide binding protein to control sera enhanced the priming activity in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that lipopolysaccharide binding protein in rapidly progressive periodontitis serum may be responsible for enhancement of superoxide generation, which may result in more severe tissue damage in these patients.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1998

Diet design for a multicenter controlled feeding trial: the DELTA program. Delta Research Group.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the process and results of diet standardization, diet validation, and monitoring of diet composition, which were key components of protocol 1 of Dietary Effects on Lipoproteins and Thrombogenic Activity (DELTA-1), the initial protocol in a program of multicenter human feeding studies designed to evaluate the effects of amount and type of fat on lipoproteins and hemostasis parameters in various demographic groups. DESIGN: DELTA-1 was based on a randomized, blinded, crossover experimental design. Three diets were fed for 8 weeks to 103 healthy men and women aged 22 to 67 years at 4 field centers. Diet A, an average American diet, was designed to provide 37% of energy from fat, 16% of energy from saturated fatty acids (SFAs); diet B (step 1 diet) was designed to provide 30% of energy from fat, 9% of energy from SFA; and diet C (low SFA diet) was designed to provide 26% of energy from fat, 5% of energy from SFA. Key features of diet standardization included central procurement of fat-containing foods, inclusion of standard ingredients, precision weighing of foods--especially sources of fat and cholesterol--and use of standardized written procedures. SETTING: For menu validation, a set of 12 menus for each diet was prepared in duplicate and chemically assayed. For monitoring of diet composition during the study, an 8-day diet cycle (6 weekday and 2 weekend menus) was sampled by every field center twice during each of 3 feeding periods. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Means (+/- standard error) were calculated and compared with target nutrient specifications. RESULTS: DELTA-1 was able to provide a standardized diet that met nutrient specifications across 4 field centers over 24 weeks of participant feeding spanning a total of 8 months. APPLICATIONS: Prestudy chemical validation of menus and continuous sampling and assay of diets throughout the study are essential to standardize experimental diets and to ensure that nutrient target goals are met and maintained throughout a controlled multicenter feeding study.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Strain-dependent activation of monocytes and inflammatory macrophages by lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the pathogens associated with periodontal diseases, and its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been suggested as a possible virulence factor, acting by stimulation of host cells to secrete proinflammatory mediators. However, recent studies have shown that P. gingivalis LPS inhibited some components of the inflammatory response. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that there are strain-dependent variations in the ability of P. gingivalis LPS to elicit the host inflammatory response. By using LPS preparations from two strains of P. gingivalis, W50 and A7346, the responses of mouse macrophages and human monocytes were evaluated by measuring the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Both direct and indirect (priming) effects were investigated. LPS from Salmonella typhosa was used as a reference LPS. P. gingivalis A7436 LPS induced lower secreted levels of NO from the tested cells than S. typhosa LPS but induced similar levels of TNF-alpha. In contrast, LPS from P. gingivalis W50 did not induce NO or TNF-alpha secretion. Preincubation of macrophages with LPS from S. typhosa or P. gingivalis A7436 prior to stimulation with S. typhosa LPS upregulated NO secretion and downregulated TNF-alpha secretion, while preincubation with P. gingivalis W50 LPS enhanced both TNF-alpha and NO secretory responses. These results demonstrate that LPSs derived from different strains of P. gingivalis vary in their biological activities in vitro. The findings may have an impact on our understanding of the range of P. gingivalis virulence in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Essential fatty acid deficiency and home total parenteral nutrition patients.

The requirements for essential fatty acids in patients on home parenteral nutrition are not well described. We therefore studied the needs of 12 patients receiving parenteral nutrition for at least 4 mo (range: 4 mo-17.3 yr; mean 7.0 +/- 5.2 yr). Prior to the study, each patient had been receiving intravenous lipids either weekly or biweekly and had a triene to tetraene ratio (TTR) on plasma phospholipids performed at least annually. A TTR > or = 0.2 was considered diagnostic for essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). The purpose of this study was to determine the required intravenous lipid supplementation in patients on home total parenteral nutrition (HTPN). Patients with an initial TTR of < 0.2 had their intravenous lipid stopped and changes in their serum phospholipid fatty acids were followed every 3-4 wk. Nine of 12 patients had TTRs > 0.2 at some point in the study. Phase I consisted of patients who at initiation of the study had normal TTRs and were taken off lipid supplementation until their TTR became abnormal. Phases II, III, IV, and V consisted of lipid delivered in total nutrient admixtures in biweekly doses of 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 g of fat/kg bodyweight, respectively. Eight patients normalized their TTRs on the biweekly lipid regimens; one patient expired before his ratio normalized; and three patients could not be made deficient in essential fatty acids after 26 or more wk of fat-free parenteral nutrition. Most patients required 1.2 to 2.4 g of lipid/kg bodyweight/biweekly to correct serologic EFAD. The clinical background, as well as the length of small bowel remaining, did not seem to identify those patients who required lipid supplementation nor the final dose of lipid needed to normalize their TTRs.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Lipopolysaccharide priming of superoxide release by human neutrophils: role of membrane CD14 and serum LPS binding protein.

Previous studies have suggested that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interactions with neutrophils and monocytes are mediated via the CD14 receptor, in the presence of serum factors such as LPS-binding protein (LBP) and septin. The present study was designed to test if CD14-mediated LPS priming of human neutrophils is dependent upon the presence of serum proteins and to evaluate the contribution of serum factors in LPS-neutrophil interactions. The results demonstrate that CD14 mediates the priming of neutrophil superoxide release by LPS both in the presence and in the absence of serum. However, priming by LPS is greatly enhanced in the presence of human serum, and the factor responsible for this phenomenon is LBP and not heat-sensitive proteins, such as septin.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1995

Diet in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. A perspective for the elderly.

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of coronary heart disease among older persons. With an increasing elderly population, cardiovascular disease has become an urgent public health concern. Diet plays an important role in atherogenesis with known beneficial effects on major risk factors among the younger population--cholesterol, hypertension, and diabetes. Intervention studies are needed to establish the benefits of diet therapy in the elderly segment of the population. Efforts are also needed to educate the elderly and health professionals about the benefits of a healthy Step I diet.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1995

Nutrition assessment practical approaches.

Because of the insidious nature of malnutrition in the elderly and its mimicking the usual aging process, it is important to recognize early warning signs of risks for malnutrition. Because the majority of individuals are encountered at times of a specific event (i.e., illness, injury, surgery, or annual examination) the physician needs to be cognizant of the triggers or alerts of poor nutritional health during history/physical and laboratory examinations for the particular event. Only then will early detection and applicable interventions provide a salutary paradigm shift towards prevention, whether primary, secondary, or tertiary. A high degree of suspicion, a thorough history, and physical examination coupled with pertinent laboratory data can identify the elderly at risk. Those in need of more comprehensive nutrition screen and assessment are examined with the tools developed by the NSI, which encompass not only the routine medical and dietary history and physical exam but also an expansive look at the older individual's psychosocial, functional, socioeconomic, and drug use aspects that are more indirect and significant determinants of risk. Based on parameters from a Level II Screen, measurable indicators are available that provide the nutrition assessment necessary for an overall healthcare plan of selected interventions. Future research should provide more practical, age, sex, and culturally specific nutrition parameters. The main factor in the implementation of a practical, comprehensive geriatric nutrition screening and assessment program is the clinician's imagination and motivation.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Involvement of protein kinase C and protein tyrosine kinase in lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta production by human monocytes.

Bacterial LPS stimulates human monocytes to secrete inflammatory cytokines, which are involved in several disease processes. However, the mechanism of LPS activation of cytokine expression and secretion is not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the signal transduction pathways involved in LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta secretion. TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta secretion were completely blocked by protein kinase C (PKC) and cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, H-7, but were not affected by H-89, a specific cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor. In addition, LPS was found to induce activation of PKC, reaching maximal activity at 30 min and returning to unstimulated levels after 60 min. LPS stimulation only slightly increased intracellular levels of diacylglycerol, the natural activator of PKC, and pretreatment of monocytes with the diacylglycerol-kinase inhibitor, R59022, did not affect LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha secretion. LPS-induced PKC activation was found not to be affected by blocking of the LPS receptor, CD14, with mAb or by inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase with herbimycin A. However, these agents suppressed LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion and TNF-alpha mRNA accumulation. The results suggest that TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta secretion after LPS stimulation of human monocytes requires the activation of protein tyrosine kinase and PKC, upstream to the activation of gene transcription. The activation of PKC by LPS is probably mediated by a diacylglycerol-independent pathway.

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine↗
PubMed1994

Validity and reliability of reported dietary intake data.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two training techniques for validity and reliability of dietary instruments and the measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE) to determine whether technique could influence the accuracy of food portion estimates. DESIGN: Adult women were randomized into a control group and an experimental group for comparison of training technique. SETTING: University and research center. SUBJECTS: Five hundred women were screened using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire to identify restrained eaters or disinhibitors. Other criteria for selection included good health; absence of thyroid, respiratory, or other diseases; normal menstrual cycles; between the ages of 18 and 50 years. Forty-nine were recruited, with an attrition rate of 10% for a total sample of 44 subjects. INTERVENTION: The control group (n = 26) was trained with food models and the experimental group (n = 18) was trained with a combination of food models and life-sized food photographs. All subjects completed two 24-hour recalls and 14 consecutive days of food records. TEE was measured by the doubly-labeled water method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Training would improve the accuracy of food portion estimates. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Analysis of variance, the paired t test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Wilcoxon's ranking test. RESULTS: The mean reported intake between instruments was found to be reliable; however, the comparison with TEE was underreported by 21.4% and was thus nonvalid. Training technique made no difference in validity or reliability. Both training techniques improved the accuracy of food portion estimates; however, improvement was enhanced with food photographs. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that training can improve food portion estimates, and dietary instruments may provide reliable but nonvalid results.

Adult↗