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Biomedical subjects

C C Gay

Publications and source records attributed to C C Gay.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Management and production factors influencing immunoglobulin G1 concentration in colostrum from Holstein cows.

Immunoglobulin G1 concentration was measured in 919 first milking colostrums from Holstein cows during a 4-yr period on a commercial dairy farm. Sources of variation analyzed for effect on colostral IgG1 concentration were season of calving, lactation number, dry period length, intercalving interval, complete lactation milk and fat production, weight of first milking colostrum, and time from calving to first milking. Weight of first milking colostrum was the variable most highly correlated (negatively) with colostral IgG1 concentration (r = -.29). Weight of first milking colostrum and lactation number of the cow were the most significant discriminators between colostrum of low and high IgG1 concentration. The implications of these results for colostrum feeding management are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Decreased colostral immunoglobulin absorption in calves with postnatal respiratory acidosis.

The effect of postnatal acid-base status on the absorption of colostral immunoglobulins by calves was examined in 2 field studies. In study 1, blood pH at 2 and 4 hours after birth was related to serum IgG1 concentration 12 hours after colostrum feeding (P less than 0.05). Decreased IgG1 absorption from colostrum was associated with respiratory, rather than metabolic, acidosis, because blood PCO2 at 2 and 4 hours after birth was negatively related to IgG1 absorption (P less than 0.05), whereas serum bicarbonate concentration was not significantly related to IgG1 absorption. Acidosis was frequently observed in the 30 calves of study 1. At birth, all calves had venous PCO2 value greater than or equal to 60 mm of Hg, 20 of the calves had blood pH less than 7.20, and 8 of the calves had blood bicarbonate concentration less than 24 mEq/L. Blood pH values were considerably improved by 4 hours after birth; only 7 calves had blood pH values less than 7.20. Calves lacking risk factors for acidosis were examined in study 2, and blood pH values at 4 hours after birth ranged from 7.25 to 7.39. Blood pH was unrelated to IgG1 absorption in the calves of study 2. However, blood PCO2 was again found to be negatively related to colostral IgG1 absorption (P less than 0.005). Results indicate that postnatal respiratory acidosis in calves can adversely affect colostral immunoglobulin absorption, despite adequate colostrum intake early in the absorptive period.

Absorption↗
PubMed1989

Distribution of bovine cysticercosis in Washington.

Data from slaughter plants (n = 3) and feedlots (n = 18) in eastern Washington were analyzed to characterize occurrence patterns of cysticercosis in Washington during 1984. Three concurrent peaks in cysticercosis rates (0.6/1,000 to 5/1,000 slaughtered cattle) were detected at 3 slaughter plants. Peaks were observed at 8 feedlots from December 1983 to March 1984, at 6 feedlots from April to July 1984, at 2 feedlots from August to October 1984, and at 3 feedlots from November 1984 to February 1985. Affected feedlots were not closely associated geographically and were feeding cattle from many, predominantly northwestern, origins. For 3 feedlots for which time in the feedlot was available for each slaughter shipment, an increase in cysticercosis rate with increasing time in the feedlot was noticed. Within these 3 feedlots, cases of cysticercosis were widely scattered spatially. The pattern of cysticercosis indicated human fecal contamination of a regionally available feed source. Of feedstuffs in use, potato waste, a byproduct of the processed potato industry, appeared to be the most likely source of Taenia saginata ova.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1988

Epidemiologic survey of diarrhea in foals.

Epidemiologic and etiologic data about diarrhea in foals were collected under a planned prospective recording and monitoring study. The survey and monitoring procedures included a survey to obtain an overview of current horse management practices on participating farms, a daily health record survey to obtain information on mares and their foals, and collection of feces from 19 of 144 diarrheic foals and 10 age-matched nondiarrheic foals for electron microscopy, ELISA for rotavirus, and bacteriologic culture. Coronavirus was detected in the feces of diarrheic as well as clinically normal foals. Rotavirus was detected in the feces of diarrheic foals only. With regard to agents found in the feces, there was no significant (P less than 0.05) difference between diarrheic and nondiarrheic foals. Half of the 297 foals on which data were available developed diarrhea. Most foals that developed diarrhea lacked other clinical manifestations of disease. Basic cleanliness at foaling was associated with a lower percentage of foals developing diarrhea. Prophylactic use of antibiotics and vitamins in newborn foals was associated with a higher percentage of foals developing diarrhea. A higher percentage of foals born to visiting mares developed diarrhea, compared with foals born to resident mares.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

The collection and submission of samples for laboratory testing.

The laboratory analysis of samples can be a valuable adjunct to the investigation of outbreaks of disease and to the identification and correction of production inefficiency. However, the costs associated with laboratory analysis are high; consequently, a decision to involve laboratory analysis as part of an investigation should be made judiciously. The purpose for the sampling should be directed and, in general, restricted to tests whose results can lead to a management decision. When dealing with complex and difficult problems, there is a tendency to buy decision time by taking samples for laboratory testing with the philosophy of "let's see what the laboratory can come up with." Undirected sampling seldom yields results that can be interpreted meaningfully to resolve the problem at hand.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Transfer of functional immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody into the gastrointestinal tract accounts for IgG clearance in calves.

The transfer of circulating immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody to the gastrointestinal tract in young calves was quantified by using bovine anti-dinitrophenol IgG1 antibody labeled with 125I. The antibody was administered to newborn calves by intravenous injection, and transfer of the labeled IgG1 to the gastrointestinal tract occurred as demonstrated by excretion of protein-bound label in the feces and by the presence of the labeled IgG1 antibody in the gastrointestinal tract lumen at necropsy. Sixty-eight percent of the [125I]IgG1 clearance occurred by transfer to the gastrointestinal tract. Protein-bound 125I in the gastrointestinal tract lumen retained 65% of the specific dinitrophenol-binding ability of the labeled antibody originally administered. These results show that (i) transfer to the intestinal lumen is the major means of IgG1 clearance in calves, and (ii) this transfer results in antigen-binding antibody in the intestinal tract lumen. The potential contribution to enteric immunity of IgG1 reaching the intestinal lumen from circulation remains to be determined.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus infection associated with transfer of serum antibody into the intestinal lumen.

The effect of circulating passive antibody on immunity to bovine rotavirus infections in neonatal calves was investigated. In the first experiment, rotavirus antibody titers in the small intestinal lumina of 5- and 10-day-old calves with a wide range of serum rotavirus antibody titers were determined. Neutralizing antibody was present in the small intestinal lumina in titers that correlated with the calves' serum titers (r = +0.84, P less than 0.01). Immunoglobulin G1 was the predominant isotype of intestinal luminal rotavirus antibody. Calves not fed colostrum during the absorptive period lacked rotavirus antibody in circulation and in the intestinal lumen at 7 days of age, even when they were fed large volumes of colostrum with a high rotavirus antibody titer at 48 h after birth. Therefore, rotavirus antibody is not retained in the intestinal lumen for 5 days following a colostrum meal, and the luminal antibody in the 5- and 10-day-old seropositive calves were probably derived from circulating antibody. In a second experiment, calves were passively immunized by subcutaneous injection of colostral whey with a high immunoglobulin G1 rotavirus antibody titer and challenged with virulent bovine rotavirus 48 h later. The passively immunized calves were protected from rotavirus infection and diarrhea compared with calves with comparable serum immunoglobulin concentrations but with lower serum rotavirus with lower serum rotavirus antibody titers. The results of these experiments indicate that circulating immunoglobulin G1 antibody appears in the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal calves and that circulating rotavirus antibody can prevent infection and diarrhea after rotavirus challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The transfer of serum IgG1 antibody into the gastrointestinal tract in newborn calves.

Transfer of functional blood IgG1 to the gastrointestinal tract was measured in neonatal calves. Radiolabelled immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) anti-DNP antibody was administered to 2 day old calves by intravenous injection. The serum clearance rate was measured and was compared to the rate of protein-bound 125I excretion in the feces over a 10 day period to determine the importance of transfer to the gastrointestinal tract as a mechanism of serum IgG1 clearance. The amount of protein-bound and DNP-binding 125I present in the gastrointestinal tract of 10 day old calves at necropsy was also measured. Fecal excretion of protein-bound 125I accounted for 32% of the serum 125I-IgG1 clearance. Protein-bound 125I was present in the gastrointestinal tract at necropsy in amounts estimated to account for 68% of the total 125I-IgG1 clearance, and retained 65% of the DNP-binding ability of the original antibody. The discrepancy between the fecal excretion (32% of total IgG1 clearance) and the GI clearance estimated from protein-bound 125I in the gut (68% of total IgG1 clearance) is explained in part by IgG1 proteolysis occurring after transfer to the gastrointestinal tract but before fecal excretion. These results indicate that transfer to the calf gastrointestinal tract accounts for most IgG1 clearance in young calves, and that the intestinal antibody retains antigen binding function and may contribute to intestinal immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Cross-reactive antibody in immunity to colisepticemia in calves.

Cattle were immunized with a uridine diphosphate galactose epimerase deficient mutant of Escherichia coli to prepare antiserum cross-reactive with different serotypes of E. coli. Hypogammaglobulinemic calves were given bovine anti-J5 serum before oral challenge with virulent E. coli derived from a septicemic calf. Passively immunized calves had delayed and decreased bacteremia compared with calves given saline before challenge. Calves given antiserum also lived longer than control calves. A second experiment using ampicillin and antibody to treat colisepticemia also showed increased survival in anti-serum-treated calves. Decreased bacteremia was probably not due to the killing of the challenge strain by antibody and complement, as the strain was serum-resistant. However, anti-J5 serum did increase phagocytosis of the challenge strain of E. coli (JL9) by bovine neutrophils. Thus, partial protection by antiserum was probably due to increased clearance of bacteria as well as neutralization of endotoxin.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of heat-stable enterotoxin from a hypertoxigenic Escherichia coli strain that is pathogenic for cattle.

An enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain isolated from a calf with clinical scours was found to produce over 17- to 60-fold more heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) than four laboratory-adapted bovine ETEC strains. The purified STa of this strain was identical to those produced by other ETEC strains. A severe form of scours was induced in 5- to 15-day-old colostrum-fed calves and in 1- to 2-week-old piglets by oral administration of the purified STa. This study demonstrates that STa is a mediator of diarrhea in newborn calves and piglets and that under identical growth conditions diverse strains of bovine ETEC may produce variable amounts of homologous STa's.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Crooked calf disease: a histological and histochemical examination of eight affected calves.

Macroscopic, histopathologic, and histochemical investigations were made on a group of eight neonatal Angus X Hereford calves, selected from an ongoing outbreak of crooked calf disease among calving heifers. Arthrogryposis of the forelimbs was seen to varying degrees in all eight animals, and torticollis was present in six calves. Histopathology, using hematoxylin and eosin stain, did not reveal any striking or consistent lesion in the affected animals; the majority of the tissues sampled were normal. Muscle samples were processed for adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and NADH-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-tr) histochemistry, and the data suggest that a primary myopathy is not responsible for the congenital anomalies in the affected calves.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Relationship of serum and plasma copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations of cattle and the effects of whole blood sample storage.

The present study was conducted to determine whether plasma and serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations in cattle are different and whether transport of samples with storage on ice before centrifugation affects the measurements. Mean copper and ceruloplasmin values were higher in plasma than in serum. Linear regressions were plasma copper (microgram/ml) = 1.200 serum copper -0.032 (r2 = 0.99), serum ceruloplasmin (mg/dl) = 14.0 serum copper + 2.34 (r2 = 0.48), and plasma ceruloplasmin (mg/dl) = 18.2 plasma copper + 2.1 (r2 = 0.43). The percentage of copper associated with ceruloplasmin was less in serum (55%) than in plasma (66%). Storage of blood samples on ice for 3 days decreased serum copper value by 3.5%. Linear regressions to correct for storage effects were corrected serum copper = 1.11 stored serum copper -0.04 (r2 = 0.94) and corrected plasma copper = 1.22 stored plasma copper -0.17 (r2 = 0.86). A cuproprotein may be involved in the blood clotting process, and some ceruloplasmin and its copper are apparently trapped in the fibrin clot, causing less copper in serum, compared with that in plasma. The difference between plasma and serum copper concentrations of calves was slightly increased by dietary copper supplementation.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Septicemic colibacillosis and failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin in calves.

Septicemic colibacillosis is a highly fatal disease that occurs in calves less than 2 weeks of age. The disease occurs when a calf that fails to absorb protective levels of immunoglobulin from colostrum is exposed to an invasive serotype of E. coli. Management to ensure good passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin will prevent this disease and reduce calf mortality caused by other infectious diseases as well.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of colostral immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin M concentrations on immunoglobulin absorption in calves.

Twenty-three calves were fed colostrum at 110 ml/kg body weight divided into two feedings at 1 and 13 h of age. The concentrations of immunoglobulins were measured in the colostrum fed and in the calves' sera following colostrum feeding. Apparent efficiency of immunoglobulin absorption was calculated for each calf. Significant negative correlations between efficiency of absorption and mass of immunoglobulin fed were observed for both immunoglobulins. A separate group of 225 calves born on a commercial dairy were fed 2.84 L of colostrum by 4 h of age. Concentrations of immunoglobulin G1 in the colostrum fed and in the calves' sera at 48 h were measured. Negative correlation was observed between the efficiency of absorption and the mass of immunoglobulin G1 fed. These results suggest a physiologic limitation to the mass of immunoglobulin that can be absorbed to serum from a given volume of colostrum. No indication of a selective immunoglobulin absorption mechanism was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Seasonal variation in passive transfer of immunoglobulin G1 to newborn calves.

Forty-eight-hour serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) were determined for 123 female calves born on 1 farm during a 12-month period and fed 2.8 L of colostrum by esophageal feeder within 2 hours of birth. Mean monthly serum IgG1 concentrations were lowest in the winter, and increased during the spring and early summer to reach their peak in September, after which they decreased. Eight of 64 calves (12.5%) born from June through October had failure of passive transer of IgG1 (serum IgG1 less than 8 mg/ml), whereas 27 of 58 (46.5%) born from November through May had failure of passive transfer.

Animals↗