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Biomedical subjects

C C Bell

Publications and source records attributed to C C Bell.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

The misdiagnosis of black patients with manic depressive illness.

It has been shown repeatedly that, contrary to earlier beliefs, blacks may well demonstrate similar prevalence rates for manic depressive illness when compared with whites. Yet the authors believe that black manic depressive patients are frequently misdiagnosed as being chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics and treated with major tranquilizers when lithium is the drug of choice. This contention is supported by three case histories and some institutional dynamics that cause this form of iatrogenic morbidity to continue to prey upon black psychiatric patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

States of consciousness.

The art of psychiatry offers many different viewpoints from which to catalog behavior and thinking styles and, therefore, many physicians tend to have difficulty in conceptualizing features of behavioral medicine. A classification of states of consciousness with clinical examples of such states is presented to aid in a more clear understanding of human behavior.

Consciousness↗
PubMed1980

Racism: a symptom of the narcissistic personality disorder.

Despite the criticism that psychoanalytic models are not applicable to social phenomena, knowledge of the dynamics of narcissistic development aids in understanding a particular kind of racist individual. Specifically, racist attitudes may be indicative of a narcissistic personality disorder or of a regression to primitive narcissistic functioning secondary to environmental forces. The differentiation between the narcissistic racist, the stress-induced racist, and the socially misinformed racist is discussed utilizing clinical paradigms discovered in psychotherapy. Life experiences and religion are discussed as possible aids in the transformation of primary narcissism into secondary narcissism.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

Interface between psychiatry and the law on the issue of murder.

Not guilty by reason of insanity is a legal defense of murder. The acquittal of such an act is based on the court finding that the crime was due to the defendant's mental illness and not to criminal intent. The author presents characteristic case histories, as seen by him in the role of expert witness, that may serve as paradigms when the doctrine "not guilty by reason of insanity" is an appropriate defense.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Central nervous system physiology of electroreception, a review.

There are several reasons why one can expect that the study of electric fish may prove instructive about general mechanisms of sensory processing and neuronal integration. These reasons include the following: the simplicity of the electrical signals which are the normal input and output; the availability of a variety of stereotyped behaviors to characterize the system as a whole; the case with which individual receptors or primary afferents can be activated; the demonstrated presence of corollary discharge and reafference mechanisms for motor control over sensory input; the presence of highly specialized CNS structures which have evolved to meet the unusual demands of the electrosensory system. Work relating to these and other aspects of the electrosensory systems is discussed with an emphasis on the potential which these systems offer.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1979

Endurance, strength, and coordination exercises without cardiovascular or respiratory stress.

In an attempt to maintain physical health, the author studied various exercises and after six years of research has knowledge of a form of exercise which increases endurance, strength, and coordination without cardiovascular or respiratory strain. This paper introduces five exercises, outlines their physiology, and proposes some aspects of their mechanisms of action.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The need for psychoanalysis is alive and well in community psychiatry.

While the author recognizes the positive impact community psychiatry has had on postpsychotic patients by the uses of medical management and environmental manipulation, he demonstrates that there is a deficiency in the treatment of lower socioeconomic patients with neurotic illnesses. Specifically, neurotic patients tend to be given supportive therapy and psychopharmacotherapy when a form of psychoanalytic psychotherapy would be more appropriate. The author supports these contentions by presenting three cases which have a diagnosis of hysterical neurosis and which clearly demonstrate the economic, topographical, structural, dynamic, and genetic components of the psychoanalytic theory. Finally, as psychoanalytic psychotherapy is too time-consuming, the author suggests that Freud's early psychoanalytic technique of symptom removal by memory recovery be used when appropriate.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Preventive psychiatry in the Board of Education.

The Board of Education has a significant role in the psychiatric prevention of criminal and psychiatric disorders. Two hundred and seventy-four children were seen over a two year period and their diagnostic groupings are presented. Follow-up was possible on 150 of the children and it was found that 70 percent of them were better. The findings and conclusions from this sample are presented.

Child↗
PubMed1978

Termination of electroreceptor and mechanical lateral line afferents in the mormyrid acousticolateral area.

The projection regions of electroreceptor and mechanical lateral line afferents in electric fish of the mormyridae family are described. Electroreceptor afferents from the posterior dorsal skin run in the dorsal branch of the posterior lateral line nerve. Electroreceptor afferents from ventral skin and mechanical lateral line afferents and efferents run in the ventral branch of the nerve. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into each branch resulted in filling of its central terminals with the marker enzyme. The method yields a Golgi-like staining of afferent terminals, allowing some aspects of their morphology to be described. Comparison of results from dorsal and ventral branch injections shows the separate medullary regions to which electroreceptor and mechanical afferents project, and also demonstrates four separate somatotopic maps within the electroreceptor region. Mechanical afferents end predominantly ipsilaterally in nucleus anterior and eminentia granularis as has been suggested by others. Ipsilateral endings in nucleus octavius are also seen. Electroreceptor afferents end exclusively in the cortex and nucleus of posterior lateral line lobe (PLLL). Within the cortex there are three distinct maps of the skin surface which are separated from each other by discontinuities in the cellular layers. Somatotopic mapping is also present in the nucleus of PLLL though it is less precise than in the cortical zones. Large club endings of the cells of this nucleus are filled with HRP. Labeled cells are seen within a small midline nucleus located at the level of the eighth nerve just above the medial longitudinal fasciculus. These are probably the cell bodies of lateral line efferents.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effect of electric organ discharge on ampullary receptors in a mormyrid.

(1) Afferents from ampullary receptors were shown to be strongly affected by the electric organ discharge (EOD) in the mormyrid Gnathonemus petersii. (2) Over a broad range of resistivities (4-60 komegacm) the response to the EOD was similar to the response to a brief (50-200 microsec) outside positive pulse, i.e. an initial acceleration of the discharge rate followed by a deceleration. (3) Brief biphasic positive-negative or negative-positive pulses where both phases were of equal amplitude and duration had no effect on ampullary afferents. Each phase had an effect, however, when given in isolation. These results suggest that a DC component in the EOD may cause the response in the ampullary afferent. (4) The response of ampullary afferents decreased sharply as resistivity was lowered below 10komegacm. Responses to the EOD in mormyromast afferents also decreased. These effects were probably due to loading of the EOD at low resistivities and to a more rapid spatial decay of EOD voltage. (5) Responses of ampullary afferents to the EOD were much less affected by external non-conducting objects than were the responses of mormyromasts. These observations plus other considerations indicate that mormyromasts must still be held to play the major role in active electrolocation. Unresponsiveness of ampullary afferents to the EOD can not be taken as a reason for this, however.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1978

Neuronal responses to electrosensory input in mormyrid valvula cerebelli.

1. We have examined a large portion of the valvula cerebelli of the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii for responses related to the three known classes of electroreceptors. Evoked potential and extracellular single-unit records from curarized and non-curarized preparations show that a separate area of the valvula is related to each of the different electrosensory modalities. 2. The area related to ampullary receptors is also strongly affected by mechanical stimulation to the skin. In the mormyromast and Knollenorgan regions, responses to sensory stimuli depend on when they are given in relation to the command to fire the electric organ. In the Knollenorgan region the interaction is quite simple. Responses are completely blocked if the stimulus is given during a brief period when the electric organ discharge occurs. A greater variety of interactions is seen in the mormyromast region. 3. Large areas of the valvula do not appear to be clearly and strongly retated to any of the three electrosensory modalities, suggesting the possibility that much of the structure is not devoted to electrosensory processing.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Racism, narcissism, and integrity.

Recently there has been much literature pertaining to the psychodynamics of narcissism and its relation to psychopathological and normal psychic functions. While these models of the mind are primarily aimed at understanding individual behavior in the therapeutic relationship, they are also useful in clarifying one's thinking about racism, which can be approached both from an individual and social viewpoint.The author demonstrates that the racist individual suffers from a defect in narcissistic personality development, which precludes the subsequent development of such qualities as creativity, empathy, and integrity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The role of psychiatric emergency services in aiding community alternatives to hospitalization in an inner-city population.

In the proper political/economic environment, Crisis Intervention Programs can reduce the recidivism rate of patients who suffer from recurrent intermittent acute psychotic episodes. The author seeks to outline such a program and demonstrate its effectiveness in providing an alternative to brief hospitalization. It is believed that this form of management of the psychiatric emergency aids the practice of community psychiatry and supports the use of day treatment facilities, outpatient clinics, emergency housing, family therapy, and other community support systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Effects of implanted Doppler flowmeters on femoral vein autografts.

Thirteen femoral vein autografts were placed into the corresponding ipsilateral femoral arteries of 8 mongrel dogs. Cuff-type Doppler (ultrasonic) flowmeters were placed around six of the grafts. None of the vessels thrombosed. Blood flow velocities were measured in all vessels up until the time of sacrifice (mean 95 +/- 5 days after surgery) or accidental death (one dog, 49 days after surgery). The only case of graft failure was attributed to infection at the flowmeter site. With this single exception, the vein grafts exhibited uniformity in histological appearance from dog to dog. These data suggest that implantation of properly designed Doppler flow transducers may have clinical applications. This technique permits continuous or intermittent assessment of blood flow characteristics through a graft without additional trauma or cost to the patient. It is free of the many inherent disadvantages of chronically implanted electromagnetic flowmeters and may negate the need in some instances for followup angiographic studies.

Animals↗