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Biomedical subjects

C Brown

Publications and source records attributed to C Brown.

At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
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Consumer empowerment through occupational therapy: the Americans With Disabilities Act Title III.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether occupational therapists (a) value a role educating consumers about the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA; Public Law 101-336); (b) are knowledgeable regarding Title III of the ADA; and (c) implement provisions and empower consumers who use wheelchairs to access public accommodations. METHOD: A random sample of 510 occupational therapists was surveyed, with 229 responding. Of those surveys returned, 152 respondents who serve clients who use wheelchairs met inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Although 90% of the participants agreed that occupational therapists should have ADA knowledge and should educate consumers, the mean score of ADA accessibility knowledge on a 10-point quiz was 1.85. The mean score of reported actions to implement ADA provisions with clients was 11.78 of a possible 40 points. There was a significant positive correlation between implementation and attitude (r = .3609, p = .01) and between implementation and knowledge (r = .3376, p = .01); however, the correlation between attitude and knowledge (r = .1673, p = .05) was not significant. CONCLUSION: Therapists' lack of knowledge and their self-reported inaction with regard to ADA Title III may affect the accessibility of the environment, independence, and empowerment of clients who are wheelchair mobile and, therefore, may impede progress toward fully inclusive communities.

Architectural Accessibility↗
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The Adult Sensory Profile: measuring patterns of sensory processing.

OBJECTIVE: This article describes a series of studies designed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Adult Sensory Profile. METHOD: Expert judges evaluated the construct validity of the items. Coefficient alpha, factor analysis, and correlations of items with subscales determined item reliability, using data from 615 adult sensory profiles. A subsample of 20 adults furnished skin conductance data. A heterogeneous group of 93 adults completed the revised Adult Sensory Profile, and item reliability was reexamined. RESULTS: Expert judgment indicated that items could be categorized according to Dunn's Model of Sensory Processing. Results suggested reasonable item reliability for all subscales except for the Sensation Avoiding subscale. Skin conductance measures detected distinct patterns of physiological responses consistent with the four-quadrant model. Revision of the Adult Sensory Profile resulted in improved reliability of the Sensation Avoiding subscale. CONCLUSION: The series of studies provides evidence to support the four subscales of the Adult Sensory Profile as distinct constructs of sensory processing preferences.

Adolescent↗
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Natural born healers.

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Complementary Therapies↗
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Laying aside.

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Humans↗
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Change here.

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Employment↗
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Healing healers.

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Adaptation, Psychological↗
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Recovery nursing: oxygen mask or nasal catheter? An analysis.

In pursuit of cost-efficiency without compromising standards of patient care, a study was undertaken to compare the performances of a medium concentration facemask and a nasal catheter, by measuring the oxygen saturation levels of 40 post-operative patients. Statistical analysis revealed that when oxygen is delivered at 3 litres/minutes, there is no significant difference between the performances of these systems. Patients and nurses indicated a preference for the nasal catheter compared with the facemask. These findings are consistent with previous work in this area, and the wider use of the nasal catheter is called for in oxygen administration to selected post-operative patients.

Humans↗
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Detection of a macrophage-specific antigen and the production of interferon gamma in chickens infected with Newcastle disease virus.

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded spleen and intestinal tissues were harvested at 2 days postinfection from 4-wk-old white rock chickens infected with five different strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). These tissues were examined for the presence of macrophage antigen expression, virus replication, and interferon gamma (IFN gamma) production. The five strains represented all three NDV pathotypes. Viral replication and IFN gamma, as determined by riboprobe in situ hybridization, were detected only in those chickens infected with velogenic viscerotropic NDV (VVNDV) strains. Macrophage antigen expression, an indicator of macrophage activation, was determined by immunohistochemistry with a macrophage-specific antibody, CVI-ChNL-68.1. Presence of macrophage antigen was most prominent in VVNDV-infected chickens. The distribution of this antigen within tissues was far more diffuse than the staining for viral mRNA. The presence of IFN gamma mRNA was detected in the spleen and intestinal lymphoid tissue of VVNDV-infected chickens. There was also increased macrophage antigen expression in the mesogen-infected birds, but it was less dramatic than in tissues from VVNDV-infected chickens. One of two lentogen-infected birds had evidence of increased macrophage antigen expression only in the spleen.

Animals↗
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Identifying agent(s) associated with poult enteritis mortality syndrome: importance of the thymus.

Poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS), a highly infectious disease of young turkeys, causes serious financial losses to the turkey industry. Clinically, PEMS is defined by mortality profiles, diarrhea, growth depression, and immunosuppression. Although many viruses, bacteria, and parasites are found in PEMS-infected birds, the inciting agent remains unknown. Experimentally, PEMS can be reproduced by exposing naïve poults to the intestinal contents from infected birds. Previous reports suggest that extraintestinal tissues fail to reproduce the disease. Histopathologic examination of tissues from PEMS-infected poults suggested that the thymus exhibited the earliest signs of pathology. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that the thymus harbors an agent(s) involved in PEMS. In these studies, naïve turkey poults were orally inoculated with a bacteria-free filtrate composed of either the intestines and feces or the thymus from PEMS-infected birds and were monitored for clinical signs of PEMS. Poults exposed to a filtrate composed solely of the thymus from PEMS-infected birds exhibited diarrhea, growth depression, mortality, pathology, and, most importantly, immunosuppression similar to poults exposed to the intestinal filtrate. The results of this study suggest that the thymus of infected birds harbors the agent(s) that can reproduce a PEMS-like disease in turkey poults.

Animal Husbandry↗
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Toward the 1990 objectives for smoking: measuring the progress with 1985 NHIS data.

The Health Promotion and Disease Prevention component of the 1985 National Health Interview Survey allowed us to measure the progress made toward achieving the 1990 objectives for the nation concerning cigarette smoking. The first smoking-related objective, namely, to reduce to below 25 percent the proportion of the U.S. population who smoke, has not been achieved. Today 31 percent of the population smoke. More than 85 percent are aware of the special risk of developing and worsening chronic obstructive lung disease, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema among smokers. More than 90 percent are aware that smoking is a major cause of lung cancer; however, awareness of the risk of laryngeal, esophageal, bladder, and other kinds of cancer from smoking is not so great. More than 85 percent are aware that cigarette smoking is one of the major risk factors for heart disease. In general, then, the 1990 objectives concerning the population's knowledge of the health consequences of cigarette smoking have been met.

Adolescent↗
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Perceptions of risks of smoking and heavy drinking during pregnancy: 1985 NHIS findings.

As part of the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Questionnaire administered in the 1985 National Health Interview Survey, nearly 20,000 respondents ages 18-44 answered questions about their awareness of the risks of smoking and heavy drinking during pregnancy. In reference to smoking, interviewers asked about miscarriage, stillbirth, prematurity, and low birth weight; in reference to heavy drinking, they asked about miscarriage, mental retardation, low birth weight, and birth defects, as well as fetal alcohol syndrome. For each of these adverse outcomes, a majority of subjects acknowledged increased risk because of smoking or heavy drinking during pregnancy. The range was 66-80 percent of respondents for the four questions on smoking, with the perceived association to smoking strongest for low birth weight. Approximately 84 percent of respondents associated heavy drinking with increased risk for each of the suggested pregnancy outcomes. Smoking seemed to be perceived to pose a lesser risk to pregnancy than heavy drinking. This relative lack of awareness of the pregnancy risks of smoking was more apparent among respondents with less education and more pronounced among blacks than whites. Women were more likely than men to express some opinion on these pregnancy-related questions and were more cognizant than men of the risks. On this limited survey, Americans ages 18-44 were not very knowledgeable about fetal alcohol syndrome. Among the 55 percent who had heard of fetal alcohol syndrome, fewer than one in four correctly identified it as a set of birth defects when offered three possible definitions. It will be interesting to correlate responses to these "knowledge" questions with NHIS data still forthcoming on reported actual smoking and drinking behavior among women respondents who were recently pregnant.

Adolescent↗
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Effects of social stress on the toxicity of malathion in young chickens.

Thirty-eight 7-week-old white leghorn chickens of two strains (high and low antibody response to sheep erythrocytes) were divided into groups for exposure to high and low levels of social stress. They were then challenged orally with a toxic dose of the organophosphate insecticide malathion (250 mg/kg body weight) and evaluated 60 min later for muscarinic signs (diarrhea, lacrimation, respiratory secretions), nicotinic signs (muscle weakness), plasma cholinesterase activity, and brain acetylcholinesterase activity. A significant correlation was shown between clinical and biochemical indices of organophosphate toxicity. The correlation between social stress and malathion toxicity was less well defined. Chickens with low antibody response preexposed to high social stress were most resistant to organophosphate toxicity.

Animals↗