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C Boutin

Publications and source records attributed to C Boutin.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Choice of the sand for sand filters used for secondary treatment of wastewater.

In a range from 100 to about 1,000 People Equivalent (PE), Secondary Wastewater Sand Filters (SWSF) are used by a lot of rural communities in France. A series of case studies however point out that several criteria concerning global and detailed design and implementation of these systems have to be approached scientifically, in order to obtain the expected results on a long-term basis. The choice of the sand constituting the infiltration bed, core of the biological reactor, is of course one of the key elements and is the main subject of this article. It must have a sufficient initial permeability in order to ensure an adapted infiltration speed, after colonisation by the purifying biomass. The d10 fines content and degree of uniformity mainly control this permeability. The quarry or the aggregate extractor, who masters his production this way, usually gives these elements, based on granulometric analysis. However the adjustment of an infiltration test with clear water is essential to check on site the conformity of the deliveries.

Biomass↗
PubMed2000

Does the degree of cyanosis affect myocardial adenosine triphosphate levels and function in children undergoing surgical procedures for congenital heart disease?

OBJECTIVE: The outcome of children with cyanosis after cardiac surgical procedures is inferior to that of children who are acyanotic. Animal studies indicated detrimental effects of chronic hypoxia on myocardial metabolism and function. We studied whether the presence or the degree of cyanosis adversely affected myocardial adenosine triphosphate, ventricular function, and clinical outcome in children. METHODS: Forty-eight children who underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot were divided according to their preoperative saturation: group I, 90% to 100% (n = 14 patients); group II, 80% to 89% (n = 16 patients); and group III, 65% to 79% (n = 18 patients). Adenosine triphosphate was measured from right ventricular biopsy specimens taken before ischemia, at 15 minutes of ischemia, at end-ischemia, and at 15 minutes of reperfusion. Ejection fraction was measured by echocardiography. RESULTS: Even before surgical ischemia, compared with groups I and II, group III had lower preoperative ejection fraction (59% +/- 2.9% vs 67% +/- 1.7% and 68% +/- 1.0%; P <.01) and lower preischemic adenosine triphosphate levels (15.1 +/- 2.1 vs 19.1 +/- 1.9 and 21.4 +/- 1.5 micromol/g dry weight; P <.01). After 15 minutes of ischemia, group III had lower adenosine triphosphate levels (11.2 +/- 1.8 vs 14.77 +/- 2.3 and 17. 6 +/- 3.1 micromol/g dry weight; P <.01). With reperfusion, both cyanotic groups lost further adenosine triphosphate compared with partial recovery in the acyanotic group (-22% +/- 3.8%, -20% +/- 3. 1% vs +18% +/- 1.8%; P <.01). Children in group III had a more complicated postoperative course as evidenced by longer ventilatory support (85 +/- 25 hours vs 31 +/- 15 and 40 +/- 21 hours; P =.07), inotropic support (86 +/- 23 hours vs 38 +/- 12 and 36 +/- 4 hours; P <.01), and intensive care unit stay (160 +/- 35 hours vs 60 +/- 10 and 82 +/- 18 hours; P =.02). CONCLUSIONS: The degree of cyanosis adversely affects myocardial adenosine triphosphate, function, and clinical outcome of children who undergo cardiac operation. Children with cyanosis should be identified as a higher risk group that could be targeted for supportive interventions.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2000

Superiority of 3-dimensional versus 2-dimensional echocardiography for left ventricular volume assessment in small piglet hearts.

To evaluate the accuracy of 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography in the estimation of left ventricular (LV) volume in vivo, we studied 15 newborn piglets ranging in weight from 2.6 to 11.8 kg. Measurements of beating LV volumes by 3D echocardiograms were compared with measurements by conductance catheter and transthoracic 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiograms with the use of Simpson's rule. The results of both 3D and 2D echocardiograms correlated strongly with the actual volume (r = 0.98 and 0.95 for LV end-diastolic volume, and 0.998 and 0.95 for LV end-systolic volume, respectively). However, the standard error of estimate (SEE) for 2D echocardiography was larger than for 3D. The SEE values for LV end-diastolic volume for 2D and 3D echocardiograms were 2.30 mL and 1.85 mL, respectively, and 1.52 mL and 0.5 mL for LV end-systolic volume. We conclude that 3D echocardiography not only accurately measures LV volume and systolic function in a newborn heart, it is more precise than measurements from 2D echocardiography in the assessment of small beating hearts.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Dynamic morphology of the secundum atrial septal defect evaluated by three dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: To define by three dimensional echocardiography the pattern and potential determinants of contraction of a secundum atrial septal defect through the cardiac cycle, and to evaluate the possibility of using cross sectional transthoracic and transoesophageal imaging to assess the dynamic nature of the defect. DESIGN: Three dimensional echocardiography was performed using a multiplane transoesophageal probe on 50 patients with a secundum atrial septal defect (median age 9.8 years). Nine patients were excluded because of poor images or morphological features that precluded defect measurement. In 41 cases, defect area, long and short axis length, and distance of the attenuated anterior rim were measured in their largest and smallest dimensions. RESULTS: Defect area changed significantly through the cardiac cycle (mean change 61%, p < 0.0001; range 17% to 86%). The defect contracted symmetrically and was not related to patient age, defect size, heart rate, Qp/Qs ratio, the presence of an aneurysmal atrial septum, or attenuated anterior rim. In all cases with an attenuated anterior rim (n = 13), the length of the rim significantly decreased (p = 0. 001) during atrial systole. Dynamic changes measured by either transthoracic or transoesophageal cross sectional images did not correlate with those obtained by three dimensional imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Three dimensional echocardiography shows dynamic features of defects in the atrial septum. This information may lead to an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of atrial shunting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects using the Cardio-Seal implant.

OBJECTIVE: To review the outcomes of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects using the Cardio-Seal implant. DESIGN: A prospective interventional study. SETTING: Tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS: The first 50 patients (median age 9.7 years) who underwent attempted percutaneous occlusion. INTERVENTIONS: Procedures were done under general anaesthesia and transoesophageal guidance between December 1996 and July 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Success of deployment, complications, and assessment of right ventricular end diastolic diameter, septal wall motion, and occlusion status by echocardiography. RESULTS: The median balloon stretched diameter was 14 mm. Multiple atrial septal defects were present in 11 patients (22%) and a deficient atrial rim (< 4 mm) in 19 (38%). In four patients (8%), a second device was implanted after removal of an initially malpositioned first implant. There were no significant immediate complications. All patients except one were discharged within 24 hours. At the latest follow up (mean 9.9 months) a small shunt was present in 23 patients (46%), although right ventricular end diastolic dimensions (mean (SD)) corrected for age decreased from 137 (29)% to 105 (17)% of normal, and septal motion abnormalities normalised in all but one patient. No predictors for a residual shunt were identified. Supporting arm fractures were detected in seven patients (14%) and protrusion of one arm through the defect in 16 (32%), the latter being more common in those with smaller anterosuperior rims. No untoward effects resulted from arm fractures or protrusion. There were no complications during follow up, although five patients (10%) experienced transient headaches. CONCLUSIONS: The implantation of the Cardio-Seal device corrects the haemodynamic disturbances secondary to the right ventricular volume overload, with good early outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Alternating chemotherapy and accelerated split-course irradiation in locally advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of patients with locally advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), which is usually unresectable, is very poor, and patient survival rarely reaches 1 year. However, prolonged survival correlated with objective responses has been observed among patients with intrathoracic disease treated with a combination of cytotoxic drugs and local irradiation despite the lack of consensus regarding the schedule of such combined therapy. From October 1989 to November 1993, a Phase II study was conducted to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of alternating chemotherapy and accelerated split-course radiotherapy in the treatment of patients with locally advanced NSCLC. METHODS: Sixty-three consecutive patients with unresectable Stage III NSCLC entered this study. The treatment was composed of 3 cycles of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy at 4-week intervals. Chemotherapy with cisplatin (30 mg/m2/day) and etoposide (100 mg/m2/day) was delivered intravenously on Days 1, 2, and 3, followed by radiotherapy on Days 4-8. A course of radiotherapy consisted of 1.5 gray (Gy) per fraction twice a day (3 Gy per day) for 5 consecutive days, for a total dose of 15 Gy. Response was assessed after 3 courses, for a total irradiation dose of 45 Gy. In cases of objective antitumoral response with operable tumor, surgery was performed. A fourth course of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, for a total dose up to 60 Gy in 12 weeks, was administered to all patients. Two additional courses of chemotherapy were given, for a total of six. RESULTS: Of the 63 patients, 62 were evaluable for response. Six had a complete remission and 36 a partial response, resulting in an overall response rate of 67.7%. Nine patients underwent surgery (pneumonectomy for seven patients and lobectomy for two patients), and the complete disappearance of any residual tumor was documented histologically in four. Of the 290 chemotherapy courses delivered, there were 31 of Grade 3-4 toxicity, mainly leukopenia and vomiting. The median times of freedom from disease progression and overall survival were 8 months (confidence interval [CI], 7-9.5) and 14 months (CI, 10-22), respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates of the 62 patients were 54%, 35%, and 21%, respectively. Patients who responded had a significantly longer median survival (16 months) than nonresponders (7 months) (P = 0.02). However, there was no difference in the survival of resected and nonresected patients. CONCLUSIONS: This treatment schedule resulted in a high response rate with prolonged survival. However, the toxicity of this approach was not negligible, even though it did not preclude this strategy. This combined modality must be compared with other combinations of alternating or sequential chemoradiotherapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Results of a phase II trial of combined chemotherapy for patients with diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura.

BACKGROUND: Malignant pleural mesothelioma is associated with a poor prognosis because of its resistance to treatment. The authors conducted a Phase II trial in which two drugs (etoposide and 5-fluorouracil) were added to the Cancer and Leukemia Group B cisplatin-mitomycin regimen in an effort to define a more effective chemotherapy. METHODS: Forty-five patients with confirmed Stage II malignant pleural mesothelioma were prospectively enrolled in the study. Thirty-one patients received cisplatin 60 mg/m2 on Day 1, 5-fluorouracil 600 mg on Days 1-4, folinic acid 100 mg/m2 on Days 1-4, mitomycin C 10 mg/m2 on Day 3, and etoposide 100 mg/m2 i.v. on Days 1-3, with prophylactic hematopoietic growth factors. Fourteen patients received cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid, and mitomycin C with the protocol unchanged, and oral etoposide 50 mg on Days 1-21 without growth factors (1 cycle every 28 days). Histology included epithelial (in 33 cases), sarcomatous (in 6), mixed (in 3), and unspecified type (in 3). RESULTS: Two hundred eleven cycles were administered. Treatment was well tolerated and the major toxicity was hematologic: anemia in 30% of cases, neutropenia in 24%, and 2 probable cases of mitomycin-induced pneumonitis. The objective response rate was 38% (17 of 45 were partial responses), and the median response duration was 12 months. The median survival time was 16 months. There were no differences in response or survival between the 31 patients treated with growth factors and the 14 patients treated without them. Survival was slightly better for responders than for nonresponders who had stable disease or progression (20 vs. 10 months, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This four-drug combination was effective, with a notably high response rate, acceptable toxicity, and good adherence to protocol doses. The impact on survival was limited.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Prenatal diagnosis of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction with intact ventricular septum, and detection of ventriculocoronary connections.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PAIVS), and pulmonary stenosis, including prenatal detection of ventriculocoronary connections, to evaluate heart size during the prenatal period, and to evaluate the outcome. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Medical records of 20 cases with prenatally diagnosed PAIVS and pulmonary stenosis were reviewed retrospectively. Prenatal and postnatal echocardiography were also reviewed and dimensions of the ventricles and vessels were measured retrespectively. RESULTS: Of 20 prenatal diagnoses (15 PAIVS and five pulmonary stenosis), 16 were confirmed as correct. One critical pulmonary stenosis case had been diagnosed as PAIVS prenatally; three had no confirmation. Eight pregnancies were terminated, three had no active treatment, and nine were treated; all survived. Of 13 assessed with ventriculocoronary connections prenatally, seven were diagnosed correctly (four with, three without ventriculocoronary connections), but one was falsely positive; five had no confirmation. The more prominent hypoplasia of the main pulmonary artery and the tricuspid valve annulus, and the sigmoid shape of the ductus arteriosus, seemed to be associated with the presence of ventriculocoronary connections. CONCLUSIONS: Current prenatal echocardiography can accurately diagnose right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and ventriculocoronary connections. Prenatal detection of this constellation of abnormalities aids in family counselling and decisions on postnatal management.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1999

[Mucoepidermoid bronchial tumor with an unusual radiologic presentation].

We report a case of low-grade malignant mucoepidermoid bronchial tumor in a 21-year-old woman who presented with hemoptysis. There was a striking radiological presentation with a unilateral clear radiograph. Lung scintigraphy demonstrated perturbed ventilation and perfusion of the left lung. Pulmonary angiography only showed diminished peripheral vascularization. The main vessels were clear. These anomalies fit the radiological category of air trapping accompanied by probably hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Mucoepidermoid tumors account for only 0.5-1% of all primary lung tumors. They are found in adults as well as in children. There are two clear-cut histological forms with very different prognosis. The tumors of high-grade malignancy are considered as undifferentiated carcinomas and should be treated as such. The prognosis is much better for tumors of low-grade malignancy and current treatment is surgical in the absence of recurrence after isolated endoscopic treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Disseminated histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum with cerebral involvement occurring 13 years after the primary infection].

A 49-year-old man with disseminated histoplasmosis (pulmonary and central nervous system involvement) successfully treated with ketoconazole and fluconazole combination is reported. Histoplasma capsulatum infection of the central nervous system is extremely rare in France partly because the organism is not endemic. Oral treatment with newer triazoles may be useful for central nervous system histoplasmosis, but additional information is needed to establish their effectiveness.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1999

Stress and the caregiver.

What do we do with a stress level that is high in many areas of our life? How do nurses cope without becoming ill themselves? We look at the literature for documented causes of the stress that seems to pervade the workplace and for strategies that will help us to function as healthy human beings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

[Interventional medical thoracoscopy].

Interventional thoracoscopy is an important tool for diagnosis of pleural disease. We present a description of available material and thoracoscopic methods, discussing therapeutic informations for: pleural effusion, pneumothorax, sympathectomy, empyema. Instruction for each therapeutic situation are presented together with expected results.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

[Endoscopic diagnosis of mesothelioma].

Mesothelioma is a rare disease but its incidence is rising. Diagnosis is still difficult but has been improved by immunohistochemical techniques and panels of pathologists. At the present time thoracoscopy is the most sensitive method for diagnosis of mesothelioma and a good alternative to thoracotomy. The main indication for thoracoscopy is unexplained pleurisy that cannot be diagnosed by needle biopsy. Thoracoscopy allows diagnosis in 95% of cases. Pleural ultrasound can be useful for diagnosis of limited pleurisy without multiple radiation exposure. Thoracoscopy is usually performed under light general anesthesia using a rigid endoscopic system. If possible, pneumothorax should be induced the day before the procedure to allow better assessment of the entry route and prevent adherences or symphysis. Tolerance of thoracoscopy is excellent. Thoracoscopy allows not only complete visualization of the pleural cavity including the diaphragmatic visceral pleura and the lung but also multiple biopsies. In early stage disease, thoracoscopy permits distinction of patients with stage Ia (involvement confined either the parietal or diaphragmatic pleura and purely inflammatory aspect in 50% of cases) from patients with stage Ib (involvement of the visceral pleura). Median survival is 28.3 months for stage Ia versus 10 months for stage Ib. Endoscopic observation enables accurate staging of tumor involvement which is an important prognostic finding and is an essential technique for early diagnosis of mesothelioma.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

[Malignant mesothelioma: clinical and therapeutic study].

Like lung cancer, mesothelioma is difficult to diagnose early. Nevertheless disease stage is the determinant factor for outcome of treatment. Effective diagnostic examinations must be undertaken promptly. Thoracoscopy is one of the best diagnostic procedures provided that it is skillfully performed to prevent complications such as development of subcutaneous nodules along the pathway of the trocar. Several arguments have been proposed against routine screening including low incidence of the disease, poor sensitivity and specificity of screening techniques, and lack of effective therapy documented by phase III study. However there are a number of arguments in favor of screening. The high-risk population is well defined. Although no control study is currently available, promising new results have been observed in limited forms, i.e., 62% response rate at stage IA with 39% survival at 5 years in patients presenting epithelial forms without lymph node involvement treated by pleuro-pneumonectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Screening is necessary to recruit more early-stage patients for further clinical trials to improve therapeutic techniques. Poor outcome of treatment could be due to delayed diagnosis. Early diagnosis is also needed to allow compensation of occupational disease to begin while the patient is still alive.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Prevention programs for people exposed to asbestos: results of the ongoing activities].

Programs of prevention concerning the populations exposed or having been exposed to asbestos include on the one hand, specific programs of medical surveillance and on the other hand, interventions of primary prevention. The latter were essentially anti-smoking campaigns and chemo-prevention trials of lung cancer through taking of vitamin A derivatives. In the first part of this review, the results of the experiments of the medical follow, up organized in France and abroad will be shown. These studies allow particularly to appraise both the usual latency of appearance of lung pathologies due to asbestos and the contribution of thoracic scanography in their diagnosis. The interest of the new techniques, such as the autofluorescence fiberscopy, is tackled too. The studies on primary prevention, detailed in the second part, underline the necessity to stop of tobacco consumption among the smokers exposed to asbestos. Moreover, this study concludes that the chemo-prevention of lung cancer through vitamin A derivatives is not yet effective. Some general principles which may be useful to the setting up programs of prevention are put forward in conclusion.

Aged↗