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Biomedical subjects

C Barker

Publications and source records attributed to C Barker.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

Television and the reflexive project of the self: soaps, teenage talk and hybrid identities.

The purpose of this paper is to report on qualitative research into the role of television soap opera as a resource employed by teenagers in identity work. The central methodological strategy has been to enable young people to do the research themselves. Twenty groups of young people (aged 14-15) were recruited to talk about soap opera without an adult presence. The stress in the paper is on the formative nature of language in lending form to ourselves from the disorderly flow of everyday talk and practice. I argue that the girls construct reflexive identities in two grammatical forms. Identities are instanciated in the flow of language as well as in the self-narrative of 'I'. I am centrally concerned with the production of multiple, hybrid identities amongst British Asian girls. They see themselves as Asian yet distance themselves from aspects of tradition by virtue of their participation in other domains of British culture. They are both in and out of British society and Asian culture. These identities are complicated by gender relations so that ethnic and gender identities 'cross-cut or dislocate each other'.

Adolescent↗

Opening the debate on DALYs (disability-adjusted life years).

The 1993 World Development Report is proving to be an influential document for the development of the health sector policies in developing countries. One important aspect of the Report concerns its proposals for Disability Adjusted Life Years as a measure of health change and hence effectiveness of interventions. This article comments on the use of such measures in the health policy arena.

Cost of Illness↗

The partner relationship in psychological response to breast cancer.

The social support literature has demonstrated that interpersonal relationships play an important role in adaptation to serious illness. However, researchers have recently emphasized the limitations of the social support construct and have urged a focus of attention away from global measures of perceived support and towards specific processes that occur in close relationships. The present study examined the role of one such process--informal helping from the partner--in women's psychological response to breast cancer. Structured interviews were conducted with 113 women who had received a diagnosis of breast cancer within the previous year. We found that satisfaction with the partner helping relationship was associated with psychological well-being. Even though most women had a good helping relationship with another person, this did not compensate for a problematic helping relationship with the partner. Good communication with the partner was characterized by high empathy and low withdrawal. The findings suggest that the partner plays an important role in breast cancer patients' adaptation, and that interventions aimed at couples may be an effective way of reducing psychological distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Research and the health services manager in the developing world.

Recent work such as that of the Joint Health Systems Research Project has done a great deal to support and encourage health systems research. Despite that, health service managers in developing countries only rarely regard research as integral to the process of priority setting, planning and management. To some extent, this is because the organisational environment is not supportive of managerial initiatives for research-based change. Furthermore, health-related research tends to support a relatively narrow range of managerial activity. The research process itself militates against those qualitative research methods which would frequently provide the appropriate tools for the study of management problems. Six possible reasons for this are proposed. The first is the expectation of those controlling funding and research, that it should produce generalisations. Second, there is a gap between the biomedical research which tends to get funded, and the problems managers really need to solve. Third, disproportionate attention is given to the evaluation of health status over and above organisational states. Fourth, much health systems research tends to embody a simplistic assumption that the only social function of health services is to improve health. Fifth, much of the research which is done is evaluative, and evaluations are frequently required to tell us whether formal goals have been achieved; this both rules out a learning process approach, and militates against finding out what is actually happening. Sixth, the question is raised that funding agencies may play a major role in limiting the use of qualitative research methods. It is suggested that any such effect may be peculiar to the health sector. As a way ahead, conscious efforts to increase the extent to which the research environment helps managers to develop a problem-solving approach, are needed.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

Adverse drug reactions in a paediatric intensive care unit.

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were prospectively studied in critically ill infants and children. Seventy-six ADRs were reported in 63 patients out of a study group of 899 patients. The majority of the ADRs were mild (49), although 19 were of moderate severity and 8 were severe. Thirty-five ADRs required treatment or alteration in treatment. Midazolam, morphine, salbutamol, vecuronium, hydrocortisone and theophylline were the drugs most likely to cause an ADR. One-third of the ADRs were due to drugs used outside their product licence. The majority of the ADRs were reported by nurses (36) and pharmacists (30). We believe that it is possible to prospectively study drug toxicity in critically ill infants and children.

Adolescent↗

Clients' preferences for styles of therapy.

Clients' preferences for different styles of therapy were studied by showing videos depicting five different styles (psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioural, humanistic, external and naïve) to psychiatric day hospital patients. After seeing each video, clients rated credibility, personal preference, and the depth and smoothness subscales of the Session Evaluation Questionnaire. Credibility and personal preference were highly correlated. Overall, clients had clear differential preferences between styles. The cognitive-behavioural style was preferred to other styles in all measures. There were only weak associations between individual difference variables and preferences.

Adult↗

Prolactin (PRL)-dependent expression of a zinc finger protein-encoding gene, Gfi-1, in Nb2 lymphoma cells: constitutive expression in autonomous sublines.

The proliferation of cultured rat Nb2 lymphoma cells is dependent on prolactin (PRL) acting as the principal growth factor. Previously, PRL-independent Nb2 sublines were obtained by PRL starvation of the parent line and cloning of surviving cells. Development of PRL independence was in some cases found to be associated with a reciprocal translocation involving chromosome 14 at breakpoint 14p22. In the present study, a novel, 14p22 zinc finger protein-encoding gene, Gfi-1, has been examined for a role in Nb2 cell proliferation. PRL-dependent Nb2 cells expressed the gene during active growth; in comparison, in stationary, early G1-arrested cells obtained by an 18 hr lactogen starvation, Gfi-1 gene expression was markedly decreased. Addition of PRL to such stationary cells led to induction of Gfi-1 gene expression within a few hr with a maximum in late G1. Actively growing cells from 5 different PRL-independent Nb2 sublines, cultured in chemically defined, mitogen-free medium, expressed the gene constitutively. In two sublines, carrying the 14p22 rearrangement, the gene was markedly overexpressed. The results suggest the Gfi-1 gene product has a regulatory role in Nb2 cell mitogenesis and that unscheduled activation could contribute to loss of PRL dependency.

Animals↗

Extended sleep in humans in 14 hour nights (LD 10:14): relationship between REM density and spontaneous awakening.

The sleep patterns of 8 normal subjects living in a winter-type photoperiod (10 h light and 14 h darkness; LD 10:14) for 4 weeks were characterized by the presence of periods of spontaneous wakefulness alternating with periods of spontaneous sleep. Transitions from sleep to wakefulness occurred much more frequently out of REM sleep than out of NREM sleep (P < 0.002). REM periods that terminated in wakefulness showed shorter REM durations (P < 0.0005) and higher REM densities (P < 0.0005) than REM periods that did not terminate in wakefulness. The authors discuss these results in terms of a possible relationship between REM density and arousal level. The higher REM density preceding wakefulness and the increased number of REM periods terminating in spontaneous awakenings could reflect an enhanced level of a brain arousing process, resulting from reduced sleep pressure in the extended nights.

Adult↗

The role of the supervisor and training.

The supervision of health personnel has always been important in the health sector. The introduction of decentralization and quality assurance, however, has made it even more relevant. This paper looks at the various roles of the supervisor and indicates key criteria for understanding the possible burden of supervision. An important factor here is the training of supervision, and this is discussed in terms of the content and means of training. Finally, it is suggested that improvements in supervision can be developed through action research.

Administrative Personnel↗

Identification of the gene encoding the mitochondrial elongation factor G in mammals.

Protein synthesis in cytosolic and rough endoplasmic reticulum associated ribosomes is directed by factors, many of which have been well characterized. Although these factors have been the subject of intense study, most of the corresponding factors regulating protein synthesis in the mitochondrial ribosomes remain unknown. In this report we present the cloning and initial characterization of the gene encoding the rat mitochondrial elongation factor-G (rEF-Gmt). The rat gene encoding EF-Gmt (rMef-g) maps to rat chromosome 2 and it is expressed in all tissues with highest levels in liver, thymus and brain. Its DNA sequence predicts a 752 amino acid protein exhibiting 72% homology to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial elongation factor-G (YMEF-G), 62% and 61% homology to the Thermus thermophilus and E. coli elongation factor-G (EF-G) respectively and 52% homology to the rat elongation factor-2 (EF-2). The deduced amino acid sequence of EF-G contains characteristic motifs shared by all GTP binding proteins. Therefore, similarly to other elongation factors, the enzymatic function of EF-Gmt is predicted to depend on GTP binding and hydrolysis. EF-Gmt differs from its cytoplasmic homolog, EF-2, in that it contains an aspartic acid residue at amino acid position 621 which corresponds to the EF-2 histidine residue at position 715. Since this histidine residue, following posttranslational modification into diphthamide, appears to be the sole cellular target of diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin A, we conclude that EF-Gmt will not be inactivated by these toxins. The severe effects of these toxins on protein elongation in tissues expressing EF-Gmt suggest that EF-Gmt and EF-2 exhibit nonoverlapping functions. The cloning and characterization of the mammalian mitochondrial elongation factor G will permit us to address its role in the regulation of normal mitochondrial function and in disease states attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction.

Animals↗

You in Mind: a preventive mental health television series.

This study of BBC Television's 'You in Mind' series provides preliminary evidence for the benefits of a mass media approach to preventive mental health. The series was seen by a large national audience who appraised it positively. It had a greater impact in the area of understanding problems as opposed to seeing what to do about them, and a greater impact on the viewer's perceptions of the problems of people the viewers knew, as opposed to the problems of the viewers themselves. Measures of intentions to change behaviour, even when corrected for over-reporting, suggest that a significant minority of the audience had changed or intended to change their behaviour as a result of the series. However, no specific pre-post changes in coping or help-seeking were found. These findings are discussed in terms of the potential and limitations of the mass media for mental health promotion.

Adolescent↗

Detection of silent temporal gaps between narrow-band noise makers having second-formantlike properties of voiceless stop/vowel combinations.

Temporal gap detection thresholds were measured in narrow-band noise-burst markers having acoustic characteristics representative of isolated steady-state second-formant (F2) properties for/p,t,k/paired separately with/i,ae,u,o/. The results revealed that gap detection threshold increased systematically as the difference was increased between the simulated stop and vowel F2 frequencies. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.87) between gap detection threshold and linear marker center frequency difference was highly significant (p < 0.001). Differences in other stimulus features had little influence on gap detection performance. Implications for speech perception are discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

Conservation of photoperiod-responsive mechanisms in humans.

In animals, circadian pacemakers respond to seasonal changes in day length by making corresponding adjustments in the durations of diurnal and nocturnal periods of circadian rhythms; these adjustments mediate effects of photoperiod on breeding and other seasonally recurring phenomena. Little is known about photoperiod responses of human circadian pacemakers. To investigate this question, we recorded and compared circadian rhythm profiles of 15 individuals after chronic exposures to short (8 h) and long (14 h) nights. As occurs in animals, durations of nocturnal periods of active melatonin secretion (11.9 +/- 1.6 vs. 10.3 +/- 1.3 h, df = 14, t = 4.583, P < 0.0005, paired t test), high prolactin secretion (12.9 +/- 2.1 vs. 9.9 +/- 2.2 h, df = 11, t = 2.917, P < 0.01), and sleep (10.6 +/- 0.8 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.4 h, df = 14, t = 17.122, P < 0.0005) were longer after exposure to long nights than after short ones. Durations of nocturnal periods of low rectal temperature (11.6 +/- 2.3 vs. 9.5 +/- 1.6 h, df = 12, t = 3.912, P < 0.001) and rising cortisol secretion (10.8 +/- 1.6 vs. 9.3 +/- 1.9 h, df = 14, t = 3.130, P < 0.005) were also longer. Some of these differences persisted during 24-h periods of enforced wakefulness in constant dim light, indicating that prior exposure to the two regimes induced abiding changes in the timing of internal processes, such as circadian pacemaker oscillations, that control the durations of nocturnal and diurnal periods of the rhythms.

Adult↗