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Biomedical subjects

C A Sandman

Publications and source records attributed to C A Sandman.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

The impact of two different reinforcers on conditioned operant heart-rate acceleration and deceleration.

The effects of two types of reinforcers on operant heart-rate acceleration and deceleration conditioning were examined over a number of sessions. The initial use of monetary reinforcement facilitated discriminative pre-trial to trial heart-rate acceleration during sessions utilizing both monetary reinforcement and visual feedback. The initial use of visual feedback did not produce such discriminative control, but the subsequent use of monetary reinforcement resulted in increases in pre-trial and trial heart rate over sessions. No effects due to type of reinforcement were noted for heart-rate deceleration. Increases and decreases in cardiovascular functioning were imposed upon a background of increased skin responding. The cardiovascular responses that developed over sessions appeared to be relatively independent of changes in skin response.

Conditioning, Operant↗
PubMed1975

Physiological responses during escape and non-escape from stress in field independent and field dependent subjects.

Psychophysiological responses (GSP, GSR, heart rate and respiration) were monitored while the subjects viewed stressful stimuli. In balanced order the subjects were exposed to a condition in which they viewed the stimuli for 15 sec and a condition in which they could escape the stimulus. The subjects were divided into four groups according to level of trait anxiety and rod and frame scores. The results suggested that escape from stress produced different patterns of physiological activity than non-escape conditions. The changes were most noticeable for tonic GSP, non-specific GSR and heart rate. Field independent subjects differentiated the conditions physiologically and behaviorally to a greater extent than field independent subjects. It was speculated that field independent subjects are more dependent upon physiological cues to evaluate their perceptions and emotions than field dependent subjects.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1975

Physiological patterns accompanying complex problem solving during warning and nonwarning conditions.

Physiological responses of 48 subjects were studied during both a warning and a nonwarning condition and during anagram problem solving. The warning condition was associated with heart rate deceleration and increased occurrence of galvanic skin responses (GSR), of skin conductance, and of tonic galvanic skin potentials (GSP). The warning condition also resulted in significantly faster solution rates. Problem solving was associated with increases in heart rate, occurrence of GSR, and skin conductance. The occurrence of phasic GSP habituated, but the occurrence of tonic GSP maintained a significant response frequency. Large increases in tonic GSP, with minimal phasic increases during problem solving, reflected the bidimensionality of electrodermal activity as a function of the task. These findings were interpreted to support Lacey's hypothesis of response fractionation and suggest the utility of physiological measures in the study of putative attentional functioning.

Attention↗
PubMed1975

Determinants of human operant heart rate conditioning: a systematic investigation of several methodological issues.

Three methodological issues of concern within the literature on human operant heart rate conditioning were assessed utilizing a number of techniques for data reduction. The type of statistical approach largely determined the conclusions to be drawn about 2 issues: (a) differences and similarities between heart rate acceleration and deceleration learning and (b) changes in conditioning over a number of sessions. Three techniques yielded data that confounded between- and within-session shifts in tonic heart rate. A fourth method of data reduction (contrasts between pretrial and trial responding) involved no such difficulty. This method of analysis most accurately represented changes in operant heart rate that occurred within and between conditioning sessions.

Acceleration↗