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Biomedical subjects

Bin Xu

Publications and source records attributed to Bin Xu.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Treatment of medium and late stage esophageal carcinoma with combined endoscopic metal stenting and radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical feasibility and efficacy of endoscopic metal stenting combined with radiotherapy for treatment of medium and late stages of esophageal carcinoma. METHODS: Thirty-four patients of late stage esophageal carcinoma were treated with endoscopic stent implantation in combination with radiotherapy. Evaluations of CES stainless steel metal stent on the effect of radiation, clinical symptom alleviation and complication and survival rates in both groups were made. RESULTS: (1) CES stainless steel metal stent had no effect on radiation dosage distribution. (2) Dysphagia was markedly alleviated in both groups and different complication rates were observed between the two groups. (3) Six, nine and twelve month survival rates of inpatients treated with combined therapies were significantly higher than in simple stent implantation patients. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic metal stenting in combination with radiotherapy was a feasible and practical management in treating medium and late stages esophageal carcinoma and was superior to simple metal stent implantation.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Regional citrate anticoagulation in critically ill patients during continuous blood purification.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and define the contraindication of regional citrate anticoagulation treatment on various critically ill patients being treated by continuous blood purification, who also had bleeding tendencies. METHODS: Forty critically ill patients being treated by continuous blood purification (CBP) were involved in this study. Due to their bleeding tendencies, regional citrate anticoagulation treatment was given to all of them. Those with hepatic function impairment (n = 10) were classified as Group A, those with hypoxemia were classified as Group B (n = 10), and the others as Group C (n = 20). Blood samples were collected before treatment, and at 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hour intervals during CBP. These samples then were used arterial blood gas analysis, whole blood activated clotting time (WBACT) pre- and post-filter, and serum ionized calcium examination. RESULTS: WBACT pre-filter showed little fluctuant through the 48 hr period of CBP, and WBACT post-filter showed obvious prolongation than that of the pre-filter (P < 0.05) at all time points. Metabolic acidosis was found in Group A patients before CBP, and improved during CBP. Normal acid-base conditions of patients were disturbed and deteriorated in Group B during CBP, but not in Group C. Serum ionized calcium was maintained at a normal range during CBP in Group A and C patients, but declined significantly in Group B patients (vs. pre-treatment, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regional citrate anticoagulation can be safely used in conjunction with CBP treatment for patients with hepatic function impairment, but may induce acidosis and a decline in serum ionized calcium when used with hypoxemic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Study on the relationship between Terra-MODIS image and the snail distribution in marshland of Jiangning county, Jiangsu province].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the snail distribution in marshland of Jiangning county in Jiangsu province, and to explore the utility of Terra-MODIS image map in the small scale snail habitats surveillance. METHODS: NDVI were extracted from MODIS image by vector chart of the snail distribution using ArcView 8.1 and ERDAS 8.5 software. The relationship between NDVI and the snail distribution were Investigated using Bivariate correlations and stepwise linear regression. RESULTS: The snail density on marshland was positively correlated with the mean NDVI in the first ten-day of May and the maximum NDVI (N(20max)) in the last ten-day of May. Incidence of pixel with the live snail on marshland was positively correlated with the mean NDVI (N(2mean)) in the first ten-day of May. An equation Y(1) = 0.009 47 x N(20max) (R(2) = 0.73), Y(2) = 0.018 6 x N(2mean) (R(2) = 0.906) was established. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the Terra-MODIS satellite images reflecting the status of the vegetation on marshland in Jiangning county could be applied to the study to supervise the snail habitat. The results suggested that MODIS images could be used to survey the small scale snail habitats on marshland.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Inhibition effects of rhubarb ethanol extract on herpes simplex virus infection in vivo].

OBJECTIVE: To know the anti-viral effects of rhubarb ethanol extract (REE) on herpes simplex virus(HSV) infection in vivo. METHODS: BALB/c mice inoculated from tail vein with 0.15 ml of HSV (TCID50=10(3)) were injected hypodermically with REE next day. After divided into seven groups, three groups of mice were given different doses of REE respectively and the other groups as controls. Pathological sections from the liver, spleen, kidney were made at different times of postinfection, and their pathological changes were observed under microscope; the virus titers in viscera were assayed by using plaque formation technique and the rhubarb inhibitions to the infection of HSV in vivo?were observed. RESULTS: No toxic response to mice were observed for REE injected hypodermically; no pathological changes were observed in different therapy groups of spleens. And those in livers and kidneys at medium- and high-dosed groups disappeared quickly. The effect of low-dosed group was equal to that of positive control group, acyclovir(ACV); the results of the titer tests showed that the virus decreased rapidly by using REE, especially in the medium- and high-dosed groups which were much more marked than the low-dosed group; Q test of the data showed that total mean value had statistical significance (F=49.1459, P<0.01); moreover there were statistical significance between therapy groups (ACV, DH1, DH2, DH3) and non-therapy groups (VC) (P<0.01 ) and between DH2, DH3 and DH1 (P<0.01); no statistical significance were found between DH1, DH2 or DH3 and ACV (P>0.05). Results show that as to the effect of decreasing the average of the total titer, rhubarb is as effective as ACV; furthermore, the medium- and high-dosed groups are superior to the low-dosed group. CONCLUSIONS: REE has significant anti-viral effect on HSV in vivo; there will be a wide application foreground of it in clinical usage.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Roles of interleukin-10 in acute graft-versus-host disease and graft rejection.

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of interleukin (IL)-10 in acute-graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and graft rejection. METHODS: Serum concentrations of IL-10 in 28 patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) were measured by enzymed-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-10 gene expression in peripheral mononuclear cells was measured by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after transplantation. RESULTS: Seven patients developed grade I GVHD, 7 patients developed grade II-IV GVHD, 4 patients had graft rejection. Before transplantation, the concentrations of IL-10 were higher in patients who later did not developed aGVHD. After transplantation, IL-10 levels increased in patients without aGVHD, but decreased in patients with aGVHD or graft rejection. And IL-10mRNA was more frequent in patients without aGVHD compared to those with aGVHD. CONCLUSIONS: IL-10 plays a negative role in the development of aGVHD and graft rejection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Continuous veno venous hemofiltration in treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of using continuous veno venous hemofiltration (CVVH) in the treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). METHODS: Thirteen ANP patients were involved in this study, including 4 females and 9 males, averaging 50.6 +/- 10.8 years old. CT scans upon admission revealed 33% necrosis involving the body of the pancreas in 2 patients, 67% necrosis in 3 patients and 100% necrosis in the other 8; the CT severity score was 8.9 +/- 2.1. CVVH was maintained for at least 72 hours and the AN69 hemofilter (1.2 m(2)) was changed every 24 hours. The ultrafiltration rate during CVVH was 2993.9 +/- 983.0 ml/h, the blood flow rate was 250 - 300 ml/min, and the substitute fluid was infused in a pre-diluted manner. Low molecular weight heparin was used as anticoagulant. RESULTS: CVVH was well tolerated in all the patients. Bloody abdominal cavity drainage fluid was observed in 2 patients, but no other side-effects related with CVVH were observed. Two patients died of systemic fungal infections and another died of intracranial fungi infection, resulting in an ICU mortality of 23.1%. Ten of the patients survived in the ICU, but one of them died for other reasons unrelated to the SAP before discharge. The APACHE II score before CVVH was 15.2 +/- 6.5, but decreased significantly to 8.1 +/- 5.3, 7.5 +/- 4.9 and 8.0 +/- 5.2 at the 24th, 48th and 72nd hour after CVVH, respectively (P < 0.01). Serum concentration of IL-1beta and TNFalpha decreased to the trough at the 6th hour after a new hemofilter was used and increased slowly to pre-CVVH levels 12 hours later. After CVVH had ceased, the serum levels of two cytokines increased to their peaks at the 120th hour and decreased eventually at the 144th hour. The sieving coefficient (SC) of IL-1beta and TNFalpha was 0.33 +/- 0.11 and 0.16 +/- 0.08. CONCLUSION: CVVH offered therapeutic options for ANP and was well tolerated resulting in clearance of IL-1beta and TNFalpha; CVVH at early stages of SAP may contribute to the improvement of outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in treatment of acute severe hyponatremia: a report of 6 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) in the treatment of acute severe hyponatremia. METHODS: Six patients with acute severe hyponatremia were studied, including 5 males and 1 female, aged 48.5 (25 - 61) years. Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia included confusion (6/6), drowsiness (3/6), and delirium (3/6). The course of hyponatremia before the initiation of CVVH was 45 - 48 hours. AN69, AV600, FH66 and HF1200 hemofilters were applied and changed every 24 hours. The ultrafiltration rate was 2 000 ml/h, with a blood flow rate of 200 - 250 ml/min, and the substitute fluid was infused by a pre-dilution route. Low molecular weight heparin was used for anticoagulation. RESULTS: The average treatment duration of CVVH was 59.7 (45.6 - 86) hours. All the patients survived and tolerated CVVH well. During CVVH, the serum sodium increased significantly from (101.2 +/- 4.2) mmol/L before CVVH, to (115.0 +/- 2.7) mmol/L at the 6th hour of CVVH, (129.2 +/- 4.1) mmol/L at the 24th hour, and (140.3 +/- 1.6) mmol/L at the 48th hour of CVVH; with the correction rate of serum sodium controlled at (2.5 +/- 0.4) mmol.L(-1).h(-1) over the first 24 hours, (1.2 +/- 0.1) mmol.L(-1).h(-1) for the first 48th hour, and the correction rate of (0.82 +/- 0.10) mmol.L(-1).h(-1). The sodium concentrations in the replacement solution were (16.0 +/- 6.0) mmol/L higher than the serum sodium concentration at 0 hour, (11.6 +/- 4.3) mmol/L higher at 4th hour, (5.5 +/- 5.1) mmol/L higher at 24th hour, and (0.75 +/- 0.96) mmol/L higher at 48th hour of CVVH. After CVVH, the serum osmolarity increased significantly, from (216.7 +/- 7.4) mOsm/kgH(2)O pre-CVVH, to (245.0 +/- 5.5) mOsm/kgH(2)O at 6th hour, with a correction rate of (5.16 +/- 0.81) mOsm.kgH(2)O(-1).h(-1); (272.7 +/- 7.1) mOsm/kgH(2)O at 24th hour, with a correction rate of (2.33 +/- 0.28) mOsm.kgH(2)O(-1).h(-1); and (295.0 +/- 4.2) mOsm/kgH(2)O at 48th hour, with a correction rate of (1.63 +/- 0.20) mOsm.kgH(2)O(-1).h(-1). The Glasgow scores and APACHEII scores improved significantly as compared to pretreatment. CONCLUSION: CVVH is effective in the treatment of acute severe hyponatremia, and could be considered as a treatment option because of its slow and continuous nature. A low-sodium replacement solution should be prepared to minimize its sodium concentration difference from the serum concentration. We recommend that the serum sodium concentration be corrected at an average rate of (2.50 +/- 0.14) mmol.L(-1).h(-1) at 6 h, (1.2 +/- 0.1) mmol.L(-1).h(-1) at 24 h and (0.82 +/- 0.10) mmol.L(-1).h(-1) at 48 h.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Acyclic analogues of adenosine bisphosphates as P2Y receptor antagonists: phosphate substitution leads to multiple pathways of inhibition of platelet aggregation.

Activation by ADP of both P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) receptors in platelets contributes to platelet aggregation, and antagonists at these receptor subtypes have antithrombotic properties. In an earlier publication, we have characterized the SAR as P2Y(1) receptor antagonists of acyclic analogues of adenine nucleotides, containing two phosphate groups on a symmetrically branched aliphatic chain, attached at the 9-position of adenine. In this study, we have focused on antiaggregatory effects of P2Y antagonists related to a 2-chloro-N(6)-methyladenine-9-(2-methylpropyl) scaffold, containing uncharged substitutions of the phosphate groups. For the known nucleotide (cyclic and acyclic) bisphosphate antagonists of P2Y(1) receptors, there was a significant correlation between inhibition of aggregation induced by 3.3 microM ADP in rat platelets and inhibition of P2Y(1) receptor-induced phospholipase C (PLC) activity previously determined in turkey erythrocytes. Substitution of the phosphate groups with nonhydrolyzable phosphonate groups preserved platelet antiaggregatory activity. Substitution of one of the phosphate groups with O-acyl greatly reduced the inhibitory potency, which tended to increase upon replacement of both phosphate moieties of the acyclic derivatives with uncharged (e.g., ester) groups. In the series of nonsymmetrically substituted monophosphates, the optimal antagonist potency occurred with the phenylcarbamate group. Among symmetrical diester derivatives, the optimal antagonist potency occurred with the di(phenylacetyl) group. A dipivaloyl derivative, a representative uncharged diester, inhibited ADP-induced aggregation in both rat (K(I) 3.6 microM) and human platelets. It antagonized the ADP-induced inhibition of the cyclic AMP pathway in rat platelets (IC(50) 7 microM) but did not affect hP2Y(1) receptor-induced PLC activity measured in transfected astrocytoma cells. We propose that the uncharged derivatives are acting as antagonists of a parallel pro-aggregatory receptor present on platelets, that is, the P2Y(12) receptor. Thus, different substitution of the same nucleoside scaffold can target either of two P2Y receptors in platelets.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed2002

[The expression and significance of heparanase and nm23-H1 in hepatocellular carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relation between heparanase (HPA) and nm23-H1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and judge whether they may be used as valuable markers in predicting postoperative metastasis and recurrence of HCC. METHODS: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (S-P method) were used to measure the expressions of the HPA mRNA and nm23-H1 protein in the primary tumor tissue and paracancer tissue of 33 cases of HCC. The paracancer tissues of 9 cases of benign liver tumor were used as normal controls. The results were analyzed in combination with the results of clinicopathological examination and follow-up. RESULTS: The expression of HPA gene was positive in 16 cases of primary tumor tissues of HCC with a positive rate of 48.5%, significantly higher than those in paracancer tissues of HCC cases and in normal controls (P < 0.01). The HPA expression was not related with the size of tumor, envelope formation, AFP level, HBsAg state and cirrhosis of liver. The positive rates of HPA mRNA in the group with high tendency to metastasis or recurrence and the group with metastasis or recurrence during follow-up were significantly higher than that in the group with low tendency to metastasis or recurrence group (P < 0.05) and that in the group without metastasis or recurrence (P < 0.01). The poorly differentiated tumor and tumor of TNM stage III-IV had higher positive rates of HPA gene expression than the well-mediate differentiated tumor and tumor of TNM stage I-II (P < 0.05). The positive expression rates of nm23-Hl protein in HCC tissue was significantly lower than that in corresponding non-cancerous or normal liver tissue (P < 0.05). nm23-Hl expression was not related with the size of tumor, envelope formation, AFP level, HBsAg state, cirrhosis of liver, Edmondson grade, and TNM stage (P > 0.05). The positive rate of nm23-Hl in the group with high tendency to metastasis and recurrence and in patients with metastasis or recurrence during follow-up was obviously higher than that in the group with low tendency to metastasis and recurrence (P = 0.018) and that in the patients without metastasis and recurrence (P = 0.024), but no significant difference was found between HPA positive and negative groups (P = 0.082). According to the results of follow-up, the rates of accuracy in predicting metastasis of positive HPA, negative nm23-H1 and combination of positive HPA with negative nm23-H1 were 78.6% (11/14), 68.8% (11/16) and 88.9% (8/9) respectively. CONCLUSION: Expression of HPA and/or nm23-Hl are related with metastasis and recurrence of HCC. Combining the expression rate of HPA with the expression rate of nm23-H1 may increase the accuracy in predicting HCC postoperative metastasis and recurrence.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Establishment of a new pig model for auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a new pig model for auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT). METHODS: The liver of the donor was removed from its body. The left lobe of the liver was resected in vitro, and the right lobe was used as a graft. After the left lateral lobe of the recipient was resected, end-to-side anastomoses were performed between the suprahepatic inferior venae cavae of the donor and between the portal veins of the donor liver and those of recipient liver respectively. End-to-end anastomosis was performed between the hepatic artery of graft and the splenic artery of host. Outside drainage was placed in the donor's common bile duct. RESULTS: Model of APOLT was established in 5 pigs with a success rate of 80%. The hemodynamics of the recipient was stable during and after operation. CONCLUSION: Significant decrease of congestion in portal vein and shortened blocking time were obtained because of the application of veno-venous bypass in vitro during complete vascular clamping. This new procedure, with such advantages as simple vessel processing, quality anastomosis, less postoperative hemorrhage and higher success rate, etc, effectively prevents ischemical reperfusion injury of the host liver and deserves to be spread.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Oligoclonal T cell expansion in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis.

Fibrosis, microvascular fibroproliferative alterations, and autoantibody production are the main features of systemic sclerosis (SSc), and all of them can be explained by cytokine production by activated T cells. However, little is known about the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of SSc, and there is no information on the Ag(s) that elicits such activation. To determine whether T cells infiltrating the skin biopsies of patients with SSc are oligoclonal, beta-chain TCR transcripts from T cells infiltrating the skin of five patients with SSc of recent onset were amplified by either Vbeta-specific PCR or nonpalindromic adaptor PCR. The resulting PCR products were subsequently cloned and sequenced. High proportions of identical beta-chain TCR transcripts ranging from 43 to 90% of those sequenced were found in five patients, strongly suggesting the presence of oligoclonal T cells in these infiltrates. A dominant T cell clone was found to be clonally expanded in skin biopsies obtained from a single patient with SSc at three different times (0, 8, and 13 mo earlier) and from three different skin regions. beta-chain TCR transcripts from PBMC from normal donors (methodological control) were unique when compared with each other, typical for polyclonal populations of T cells. The finding of oligoclonal T cells infiltrating the skin of patients with SSc suggests that these T cells have undergone proliferation in situ in the skin and clonal expansion in response to as yet unidentified Ag(s). These results suggest that T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Chiral mutagenesis of insulin's hidden receptor-binding surface: structure of an allo-isoleucine(A2) analogue.

The hydrophobic core of vertebrate insulins contains an invariant isoleucine residue at position A2. Lack of variation may reflect this side-chain's dual contribution to structure and function: Ile(A2) is proposed both to stabilize the A1-A8 alpha-helix and to contribute to a "hidden" functional surface exposed on receptor binding. Substitution of Ile(A2) by alanine results in segmental unfolding of the A1-A8 alpha-helix, lower thermodynamic stability and impaired receptor binding. Such a spectrum of perturbations, although of biophysical interest, confounds interpretation of structure-activity relationships. To investigate the specific contribution of Ile(A2) to insulin's functional surface, we have employed non-standard mutagenesis: inversion of side-chain chirality in engineered monomer allo-Ile(A2)-DKP-insulin. Although the analogue retains native structure and stability, its affinity for the insulin receptor is impaired by 50-fold. Thus, whereas insulin's core readily accommodates allo-isoleucine at A2, its activity is exquisitely sensitive to chiral inversion. We propose that the Ile(A2) side-chain inserts within a chiral pocket of the receptor as part of insulin's hidden functional surface.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2002

Protein structure and the spandrels of San Marco: insulin's receptor-binding surface is buttressed by an invariant leucine essential for its stability.

Insulin provides a model of induced fit in macromolecular recognition: the hormone's conserved core is proposed to contribute to a novel receptor-binding surface. The core's evolutionary invariance, unusual among globular proteins, presumably reflects intertwined constraints of structure and function. To probe the architectural basis of such invariance, we have investigated hydrophobic substitutions of a key internal side chain (Leu(A16)). Although the variants exhibit perturbed structure and stability, moderate receptor-binding activities are retained. These observations suggest that the A16 side chain provides an essential structural buttress but unlike neighboring core side chains, does not itself contact the receptor. Among invertebrate insulin-like proteins, Leu(A16) and other putative core residues are not conserved, suggesting that the vertebrate packing scheme is not a general requirement of an insulin-like fold. We propose that conservation of Leu(A16) among vertebrate insulins and insulin-like growth factors is a side consequence of induced fit: alternative packing schemes are disallowed by lack of surrounding covariation within the hormone's hidden receptor-binding surface. An analogy is suggested between Leu(A16) and the spandrels of San Marco, tapering triangular spaces at the intersection of the dome's arches. This celebrated metaphor of Gould and Lewontin emphasizes the role of interlocking constraints in the evolution of biological structures.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Nutrition influence on copper accumulation by Brassica pekinensis Rupr.

Effect of nutrition status in the growth medium on Cu accumulation and plant growth were tested in Brassica pekinensis grown in hydroponic culture in a cultural facility. Cu concentration in the roots and shoots increased with increasing external Cu in the culture solution. On the other hand, it decreased with increasing Hoagland's solution (HS) strength. Interaction between external Cu and HS strength was also observed to affect Cu concentration in the tissues. A low level of external Cu could lead to a high Cu concentration in the plant at low HS strength, while to obtain a high Cu concentration in the plant at high HS strength, a high level of external Cu was needed. Partial nutrient experiments showed an important role of Fe and P in governing Cu accumulation. The influence of nutrients on Cu accumulation were mainly attributed to the osmolarity of the nutrient solution, antagonism between nutrients and Cu, pH change, and cation transporter induction. Root length and shoot biomass were negatively related to Cu concentration in the plant, suggesting an adverse effect of Cu in the tissue on plant growth. Root biomass showed less response to Cu concentration in the plant. This was presumably due to plant resource allocation between shoot and root, by which more resources were shifted to the Cu-stressed roots. The results might have important implications in understanding the sterility of the growth media of plants on Cu fate and effect in the ecosystem.

Biomass↗
PubMed2002

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor modulates kindling and activation-induced sprouting in hippocampus of adult rats.

Kindling, a phenomenon in which repeated electrical stimulation of certain forebrain structures leads to an increase in the evoked epileptogenic response, is widely used to investigate the mechanisms of epilepsy. Kindling also results in sprouting of the dentate gyrus mossy fiber pathway and triggers astrocyte hypertrophy and increased volume of the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Our previous studies showed that infusion of the neurotrophin nerve growth factor accelerated the behavioral progression of amygdala kindling and affected kindling-induced structural changes in the brain, whereas intrahilar infusion of another neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, delayed amygdala kindling-induced seizure development and reduced the growth in afterdischarge duration, but had little effect on kindling-induced structural changes. In this paper, we report the effects of infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, a neurotrophic factor of the TGF-beta superfamily having similar central nervous system neuronal targets as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. We show that continuous intraventricular infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor inhibits the behavioral progression of perforant path kindling-induced seizures without affecting afterdischarge duration. In addition, we demonstrate that intraventricular administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor prevents kindling-induced increases in hilar area and blocks mossy fiber sprouting in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor did not have a statistically significant effect on the mossy fiber density in the inner molecular layer. Our results raise the possibility that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor plays a role in kindling and activation-induced neural growth via mechanisms distinct from those of the neurotrophins.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

The wind-frequency allocation method on discharge loading of function zones.

This paper introduces a new allocation method on discharge loading of each function zone in a total emission control region. The wind frequency, the position of each district, and the pollutant's influence area were taken into account in this new method. The concept of "average downwind distance" was brought forward in this paper. The method here is more reasonable than the original method of area distribution, which was proposed by the "A-value" method in regulation of total emissions in China, by means of the simulation of annual average concentration in the total emission control region.

Air Pollutants↗