We report the case of a 51-year-old woman who presents with a 2-week history of episodes of pressure like chest pain. The initial electrocardiogram was not indicative of myocardial ischemia or infarction and the cardiac enzymes remained normal during the initial hospital day. However, the precordial T waves inverted and progressively deepened on the second hospital day and the patient underwent cardiac catheterization with percutaneous coronary angioplasty and stent placement of the left anterior descending coronary artery with good results. The postprocedure electrocardiogram showed complete resolution of the inverted precordial T waves. The development of new T-wave inversions in the precordial leads of patients presenting with unstable angina is predictive of significant stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. This subgroup of patients has a poor prognosis if medical therapy alone is instituted. Early cardiac catheterization and revascularization is recommended for these patients. Evidence has shown that 75% patients with these electrocardiogram changes who are not revascularized developed extensive anterior wall infarction within a few weeks.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗

PubMed2002

Preoperative cardiac risk assessment.

Heart disease is the leading cause of mortality in the United States. An important subset of heart disease is perioperative myocardial infarction, which affects approximately 50,000 persons each year. The American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) have coauthored a guideline on preoperative cardiac risk assessment, as has the American College of Physicians (ACP). The ACC/AHA guideline uses major, intermediate, and minor clinical predictors to stratify patients into different cardiac risk categories. Patients with poor functional status or those undergoing high-risk surgery require further risk stratification via cardiac stress testing. The ACP guideline also starts by screening patients for clinical variables that predict perioperative cardiac complications. However, the ACP did not feel there was enough evidence to support poor functional status as a significant predictor of increased risk. High-risk patients would sometimes merit preoperative cardiac catheterization by the ACC/AHA guideline, while the ACP version would reserve catheterization only for those who were candidates for cardiac revascularization independent of their noncardiac surgery. A recent development in prophylaxis of surgery-related cardiac complications is the use of beta blockers perioperatively for patients with cardiac risk factors.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗