Multinomial phase II trial designs.
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Antineoplastic Agents↗
Biomedical subjects
Benny Zee
Publications and source records attributed to Benny Zee.
Coexpression of hypoxia-inducible factors 1alpha and 2alpha, carbonic anhydrase IX, and vascular endothelial growth factor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and relationship to survival.
PURPOSE: Tumor hypoxia is known to be associated with resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and poorer survival. Recently, it is shown that hypoxia induces the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and 2alpha (HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha), which then up-regulates the expression of downstream genes such as carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We examined the expression of HIF-1alpha, HIF-2alpha, CA IX, and VEGF by immunohistochemistry in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies from 90 consecutive patients recruited between 1994 and 1997 in a randomized controlled trial of chemoradiation in locally advanced NPC and investigated their relationship with survival. RESULTS: HIF-1alpha was expressed in 52 of 90 (58%), HIF-2alpha in 6 of 89 (7%), CA IX in 51 of 90 (57%), and VEGF in 54 of 90 (60%) of tumors. Tumor HIF-1alpha expression correlated significantly with that of CA IX (P = 0.008) and VEGF (P = 0.003). High tumor HIF-1alpha expression was associated with a trend for poor overall survival (P = 0.06). Tumors with a positive hypoxic profile (defined as high expression of both HIF-1alpha and CA9) were associated with worse progression-free survival (P = 0.04). Tumors with both hypoxic and angiogenic profile (defined as high VEGF expression) were associated with a worse progression-free survival (P = 0.0095). CONCLUSION: Overexpression of HIF-1alpha, CA IX, and VEGF is common in NPC, which is probably related to hypoxia up-regulated expression involving a HIF-dependent pathway, and is associated with poor prognosis. Targeting the hypoxia pathway may be useful in the treatment of NPC.
Adult↗
Knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of Hong Kong Chinese women on screening mammography and early breast cancer management.
In most Western countries, screening mammography and breast-conserving therapy (BCT) are now well-established practices and have been well accepted by women over the last two decades. There are limited data on the acceptability of these strategies by Chinese women in an Oriental society where a population-based screening program has not been established and mastectomy is still commonly practiced. A survey was conducted of 1012 Hong Kong Chinese women, ages 18-69 years, to assess the level of knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes on screening mammography and the surgical management of early breast cancer. Most women (58%) had never heard of mammographic screening, and housewives were more likely to have heard of it than nonhousewives (49% versus 37%; p = 0.0001). The majority (82%) of those who had heard of mammographic screening believe that it can detect early breast cancers and reduce mortality, however, only 58% of these women would participate in yearly screening and clinical breast examination despite acknowledging the potential benefits; a lack of time and the cost were the predominant reasons given. Forty-seven percent of women had the misconception that mastectomy was the only curative treatment; when the alternative was explained, the overall rate for choosing BCT rose from 29% to 49%. There was no correlation between age and the choice of surgery. Most women (75%) felt that breast reconstruction after mastectomy was desirable and acceptable. A lack of knowledge on mammographic screening is prevalent and the concept of preventive health care has a low priority in this Chinese population. Mastectomy is still widely perceived as the only curative treatment; BCT with cosmetic reconstruction is seen as an acceptable alternative. Interventions to improve the accuracy of information and to encourage preventive health care behaviors will have a positive impact on establishing cancer screening programs and providing quality cancer care in the future.
Adolescent↗