Hepatitis B vaccine: immunization of children and newborns in an endemic area (Senegal).
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
B Yvonnet
Publications and source records attributed to B Yvonnet.
[Detection of IgM anti-hepatitis A antibodies by immunoenzyme technic. Interpretation of results and comparison of 2 tests (Havab-M EIA and Hepanostika anti-HAV IgM].
The presence of IgM anti-HAV was investigated in 60 patients with acute hepatitis A using two commercialy available enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (Havab-M EIA, Abbott, and Hepanostika anti-HAV IgM, Organon). High levels of anti-HAV IgM were present for only 30 to 60 days after the onset. Low levels of anti-HAV IgM were detected for as long as two years after acute phase. These results suggest that only high levels of anti-HAV IgM have to be considered for the diagnosis of a recent infection by hepatitis A virus.
Adolescent↗
Immune response in neonates to hepatitis B vaccine.
Three injections of alum hepatitis B vaccine (HB vaccine) were given to 26 Senegalese infants, the first when they were less than 1 month old, and the second and third after 1-month intervals. 94.7% of the neonates whose serum was negative for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies against the surface antigen (anti-HBs) showed a specific anti-HBs response. Anti-HBs titres in the neonates were similar to those previously obtained in Senegalese children aged aged 1-24 months. HB vaccine was without sid-effects and was immunogenic in the neonates, irrespective of the hepatitis-B-marker status of the mothers or the children.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Antibody to hepatitis B virus surface and core antigens in Gambia pouched rats (Cricetomys Gambianus).
Sera from 108 Cricetomys gambianus (Gambia pouched rat) were investigated for HBV and HAV serum markers. 42.6% of them evidenced anti-HBs and 12.0% anti-HBc. HBs Ag was never detected. The most probable hypothesis is that these animals were infected with a new virus related to HBV.
Animals↗
Frequency of inapparent hepatitis A infection.
The frequency of inapparent hepatitis A infection estimated by the detection of IgM anti-HAV in the absence of clinical signs, was found to be very low in two institutions for children. Only 15.4% of the infections are inapparent in department of pediatric psychiatry. Thus, poor hygienic conditions resulting in frequent and massive fecal-oral infections might lead to an increased number of overt hepatitis A infections.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in fulminant hepatitis B.
We assessed prognostic factors in 115 patients with serologically defined fulminant hepatitis B. The diagnosis in each case was based on the finding of IgM antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen in serum. Multivariate analysis showed that factor V level (p less than 0.001), patient's age (p = 0.001), absence of detectable HBsAg by radioimmunoassay (p = 0.06) and serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration (p = 0.07) were independent predictors of survival. The survival rate in the 21 patients in whom HBsAg was not detected was 47%, which was significantly higher than the survival rate of 17% observed in the 94 HBsAg-positive patients (p = 0.006). In patients with fulminant hepatitis B, the absence of HBsAg in serum as detected by radioimmunoassay has an independent, favorable prognostic value.
Adolescent↗
Simultaneous injection of hepatitis B and measles vaccines.
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Antibodies, Viral↗
Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Africa: anti-HCV antibodies in the general population and in patients suffering from cirrhosis or primary liver cancer.
Anti-hepatitis-C-virus (anti-HCV) antibody was tested for in sera from 410 adults living in Tunisia, Senegal, Burundi and Madagascar, and in 209 Tunisian and Senegalese patients suffering from liver diseases. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 4.2% of the adult population from Africa, in 51% of patients suffering from liver cirrhosis and in 37% of patients suffering from primary liver cancer. However, higher proportions of anti-HCV antibodies were detected in HBsAg+ patients than in HBsAg- patients. To assess the role of HCV in the development of both cirrhosis and primary liver cancer, a confirmation test is needed.
Africa↗
Antibody response to preS1 in hepatitis-B-virus-induced liver disease and after immunization.
Antibodies to the pre-S1-encoded sequence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope were detected by ELISA using a synthetic peptide analogue of preS1 proteins, in different groups of HBV-infected subjects and also in hepatitis B vaccine recipients. Such antibodies were specifically found in only 1% of HBsAg chronic carriers including patients with cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. Anti-preS1 were detected in patients with acute hepatitis; in 13% of the HBsAg+ sera obtained before recovery and in 37% of the sera obtained after recovery. Anti-preS1 antibodies were detected in recipients of a plasma-derived vaccine, but not in those receiving a recombinant vaccine. The results indicate that anti-preS1 is an earlier serum marker of HBV clearance than anti-preS2 and anti-S antibodies.
Adult↗
[Leprosy and hepatitis B].
In 1966, B. S. Blumberg, investigating for carriers of the "Australia" antigen which he had discovered two years before, finds that the percentage is significantly more elevated in a group of leprous patients than in controls. In this initial work, realized at Cebu, Philippines, he mentions a higher percentage of this antigen carriers among the lepromatous than among the tuberculoid patients. He explains his findings by a genetic hypothesis and by the fact that lepromatous patients are more often hospitalized than the tuberculoid ones, thus narrowest contacts could favour the antigen transmission. Later, the established relation between Australia antigen and hepatitis B incites the authors to disregard the very deceiving genetic hypothesis and to build up the most important characteristic of lepromatous leprosy--cell immunity--as opposed to the tuberculoid form where cell immunity is normal. Investigation for seric markers of hepatitis B virus in patients with tuberculoid or lepromatous leprosy provides a model for the study on "cell immunity and hepatitis B". The juxtaposition of geographic areas with high prevalence of leprosy patients and of HBs Ag carriers is a supplementary argument for the study of their connection. Up to now, about fifty works have been published on this subject. Most of them investigate detection of HBs Ag and a few of HBe Ag and HBs Ac. This bibliographical study, including a personal study, reviews markers of hepatitis B virus replication in leprosy patients, incidence of hospitalization and age of these patients, as well as the methodology used.
Adolescent↗
[IPAD-DTCP: study of the tolerability and serum antipoliomyelitic efficacy in a maternal-child health center at Pikine (Dakar)].
A study of the tolerance and potency of a quadruple vaccine adsorbed on calcium phosphate was carried out in Senegal. After a follow up of four months the local tolerance was better when the vaccine was inoculated by intramuscular injection. A high level of passively acquired antibodies was found for the three subtypes of polioviruses and seemed to delay the immunological reaction. 90%, 96% and 92% of the total group of children involved in this study had a positive reaction.
Antibodies, Viral↗
[Epidemiology and pathologic results of chronic carriers state of hepatitis B in Mali].
The HB antigen of the hepatitis B (HB) virus, studied by counter immunoelectrophoresis shows a prevalence of 8.7% in 1,860 rural Malians and 11.3% in 764 blood donors from Bamako. Amongst 1,350 hospitalised patients, no correlation could be established between the HBs antigen chronic carriers state and other infectious diseases, malnutrition or genetic deficiencies. On the other hand, the prevalence of HBs antigen is particularly high in hepatic infections: acute and chronic hepatitis (53.5%), cirrhosis (31.5%) and hepatomas (25.3%). The study of the prevalence of hepatitis B by radioimmunoassay of the HBV seric markers was carried out in: --176 "healthy" town dwellers of which 97.2% were carriers of at least one marker--HBs Ag: 16.5%; anti-HBc alone: 34.1%; anti-HBs: 46.6%--. --30 subjects with cirrhosis--HBs Ag: 66.7%; anti-HBc alone: 10.0%; anti-HBs: 23.3%--. --42 subjects with PHC--HBs Ag: 47.6%; anti-HBc alone: 23.8%; anti-HBs: 28.6%--. The difference in HBs Ag carrier state between patients (cirrhosis and PHC) and controls, cross-matched for sex and age, is highly significative--p = 0,0001--.
Adolescent↗
[Inclusion of hepatitis B vaccination in the Expanded Program of Immunization: feasibility study in the medical region of Kolda (Senegal)].
Hepatitis B is highly endemic in Senegal. The prevalence of hepatitis B antigens in the population was estimated to be 10 to 12% in 1982. According to the WHO recommendations, a hepatitis B vaccination program (HBV) was launched in 10 medical centers in the Kolda medical region to assess the feasibility of including HBV in the EPI. The epidemiological impact of HBV was also investigated by comparison of the vaccinated zone (VZ) to a control non vaccinated zone (NVZ). HBV coverage had a pattern similar to that of DPT-IPV, but at a lower level: the overall coverage with HBV was only 37.5%, and the drop out rate for HBV1-3 was only 34.4%. In addition, the coverage of the under one year age group was insufficient: 45% for HBV3 as compared to 78% for DPT3 (p < 0.0001). Routine vaccination records in the medical centers in the VZ were consistent with the findings of cluster surveys. Hepatitis B markers were less prevalent among vaccinated that non vaccinated children (8 versus 18.5%, p < 0.001). HB antigenemia was significantly less frequent in the VZ than the NVZ (3.9 versus 10.9, p < 0.0001), and the difference was even larger for all hepatitis markers (7.4 versus 23.7%, p < 0.0001). This study therefore suggests that the inclusion of HBV in the EPI should be continued and strengthened in less accessible regions by an adapted social mobilization program. HBV could then be extended to the whole medical district of Kolda in association with regular epidemiological and serological surveillance.
Child, Preschool↗