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Biomedical subjects

B W Grunbaum

Publications and source records attributed to B W Grunbaum.

32 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Body composition changes in men and women after 2-3 weeks of bed rest.

Several parameters of body composition were measured in eight men before and after 14 days of continuous recumbency, and in eight women before and after 17 days of recumbency. The parameters measured included body weight, body water, body potassium, plasma volume, and plasma protein concentrations. From these, values were derived for body fat content, lean body mass, body cell mass, and circulating plasma proteins. In general, the men and women responded similarly to continuous recumbency. Characteristically, there was significant reduction of plasma volume and body potassium in both groups. The women showed a significant reduction in circulating plasma protein, entirely in the albumin fraction; a similar change was observed in the men. The women, but not the men, showed a significant increase in circulating fibrinogen. Both men and women lost body cell mass, while body fat content remained the same or tended to increase slightly. It is expected that similar changes would occur in weightlessness. It is further concluded that women should tolerate the weightlessness of space flight physiologically as well as men.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1976

Some new approaches to the individualization of fresh and dried bloodstains.

The individualization of human beings by biochemical "fingerprinting" is yet a goal of the future. However, recent progress in methods and instruments permits the forensic analyst to use the available techniques for partial individualization. For practical purposes, it is sufficient to demonstrate the capability of discriminating one human blood among a thousand others. The combination of some of the methods described makes such a discrimination possible. It is critical that both instruments and methods be standard so that two or more laboratories may obtain the identical results from analyses of the same questioned specimen. Only then can such evidence be presented with a high degree of reliability in medicolegal cases. The objective of the studies described is to develop an immunohematological and biochemical analysis for individual blood samples from human beings to resolve and define phenotypic components of the blood to the maximum extent in the smallest volume. The result of this work is expected to permit the objective characterization of individuals in terms of their own unique genetic constitution; it will permit comparison of individuals as to degrees of similarity or dissimilarity of their genetically determined blood protein composition.

Blood Protein Electrophoresis↗
PubMed1975

Changes in haptoglobin and other plasma proteins of rats during exposure to pure oxygen at 760 torr.

Changes in plasma haptoglobin, total protein, hematocrit, and hemoglobin content of blood were studied in rats at various times during a 7-d exposure to oxygen at 760 torr. Plasma haptoglobin and other plasma proteins were fractionated and quantitatively evaluated for a 3-d exposure period. Total protein and haptoglobin were depressed after 7 d of exposure. Significant changes were not noted before this time. With a 3-d exposure, for which plasma proteins were fractionated, fibrinogen showed a considerable increase whereas albumin, gamma globulins, and the beta 1 globulin fraction decreased significantly. Individual variations in albumin and haptoglobin were correlated inversely to the hematocrit. These variations indicate that the altered composition of the plasma protein is due, in part, to a variable loss of the various plasma protein fractions as a result of increased vascular permeability.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1975

Effect of 14 days of bed rest on urine metabolite excretion and plasma enzyme levels.

After one week of ambulatory baseline measurement, a group of eight men 19-26 years of age remained continuously recumbent for 14 days. Studies were continued for one week following the prolonged recumbency. Urine excretion rates for a number of constituents were determined 2 days before bed rest, on day 14 of bed rest, and day 6 after bed rest. Blood plasma samples were also obtained at these times, and analyzed for several enzymes. On day 14 of bed rest significant increases were observed in urine excretion of total osmotically active substances, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, creatinine, hydroxyproline, and 17-OH corticosteroids. A decrease occurred in urinary glucose excretion. Plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase and LDH-3 were depressed, while plasma GPT was elevated. Many of these changes persisted on day 6 after bed rest, and are interpreted as concomitants of the disuse atrophy of the musculoskeletal system that characterizes prolonged bed rest and weightlessness.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1974

A monkey metabolism pod for space flight weightlessness studies.

An experiment system is described which will permit quantitative physiological studies in 8-14 kg adult monkeys during future space flight opportunities such as the NASA Shuttle. The system comprises a fiberglass pod containing a comfortable restraint couch for the animal. The pod is divided into upper and lower halves. When the monkey occupies the couch, a rubber belly-band forms a gas seal between the upper and lower portions of the animal. The upper-pod ventilating air stream monitored for PO2, PCO2, PN2 and PH2O to permit continuous metabolic gas-exchange measurements for computation of metabolic energy expenditure. The lower pod is lined with ashless filter paper for excreta collection and entrapment of liquid urine, and is ventilated separately. At the end of experimental periods of 1 to 7 days, all excreta plus the filter paper are removed for chemical analysis. The lower-pod ventilating gas ports also allow application of lower-body negative pressure to test cardiovascular competency when desired. The upper pod is provided with automatic food pellet and drinking water dispensers for quantitative measurement of nutrient intake. Balance assessment of the following elements can be made: N, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S and Fe. Animals have been kept in continuous restraint in the system for as long as 30 days without apparent ill effects.

Animals↗