[Biomechanical studies of the human elbow joint].
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Biomechanical Phenomena↗
Biomedical subjects
B Tillmann
Publications and source records attributed to B Tillmann.
Histochemical visualization of lymphatic capillaries in the rat: a comparison of methods demonstrated at the posterior pharyngeal surface.
A sufficient differentiation of lymphatic capillaries from blood capillaries in conventional light microscopy still eludes researches. The endothelium and media of lymphatic capillaries are characterized by a strong 5'-nucleotidase activity, whereas blood capillaries reveal no or significantly lower activity. Alkaline phosphatase activity, on the other hand, missing in the lymphatic capillaries is positive in most of the blood capillaries. For the histochemical visualization of the entire blood capillary bed, dipeptidyl peptidase IV-activity has to be used together with alkaline phosphatase. Various fixation and detection methods of 5'-nucleotidase are compared. In order to demonstrate 5'-nucleotidase activity, a method modified after Heusermann (1979) is considered to be most suitable. The results obtained are discussed with regard to their significance concerning the visualization of lymphatic capillaries. They are compared with a series of investigations in which alkaline phosphatase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV-activity are visualized in blood capillaries additional to the 5'-nucleotidase reaction. Various color reactions reveal a differentiation between blood capillaries and small lymphatics. The isolated visualization of 5'-nucleotidase activity with a simultaneous inhibition of alkaline phosphatase with L-tetramisole is considered to be the best way to histochemically demonstrate lymphatic capillaries. It was shown for the first time that only in the presence of L-tetramisole can small lymphatics be adequately visualized. A satisfactory differentiation between blood and lymphatic capillaries succeeded by means of a different color intensity of the reaction product.
5'-Nucleotidase↗
[Bladder diverticulum at an atypical site].
An atypically located diverticulum of the bladder was found in five anatomical dissection specimens. The diverticulum with a depth of about 1-3 cm developed in the bladder's lateral wall. The diverticulum seems to be caused by a strong fibrous cord originating from the bladder's wall and penetrating the canalis obturatorius. Within the channel the cord is anchored by a voluminous fat body. Histologically the wall of the diverticulum reveals typical signs of chronic inflammation.
Adipose Tissue↗
[The fat body of the obturator canal].
In addition to the obturator nerve and vessels a fat body in the obturator canal is found in the majority of cases investigated. The fat body, small and isolated in newborns, is part of the subperitoneal mass of fat and loose areolar tissue in adults. In the 2 cases of obturator hernia the fat body has no connection with the peritoneum which constitutes the sac of the hernia. A strong fibrous cord running from the urinary bladder to the fat body of the obturator canal is observed in 46 cases. In 5 of these the cord causes a small pouch in the wall of the bladder.
Adipose Tissue↗
[Functional anatomy of the shoulder].
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Acromioclavicular Joint↗
Stress in the human ankle joint: a brief review.
The articular bones of the ankle joint are subjected to stress along their vertical axis by the resultant force Rt [13]. On this compressive stress is superimposed bending resulting from tensile forces exerted by the collateral ligaments. The loading by tensile forces is greatest in the lateral areas of the joint, especially at the fibular malleolus. The bony elements of the ankle joint are adapted to this specific mode of stress by the distribution of osseous material in the subchondral bone and by cancellous architecture. Results from photoelastic model tests correspond to the morphological findings if models are subjected to stress by both compressive forces and tensile forces. Zones with high fringe orders of isochromatics in the model correspond to areas with high density of the osseous tissue in equidensity pictures, and the trajectorial pattern in Plexiglas models mirrors the alignment of compressive and tensile cancellous trabeculae.
Ankle Joint↗
Lectin-binding in normal and fibrillated articular cartilage of human patellae.
Fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled lectins were used to study the distribution of specific binding-sites in histological sections of normal and fibrillated articular cartilage of human patellae. It has been shown that normal articular cartilage reveals lectin binding-sites for Concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), but not for soybean agglutinin (SBA), peanut agglutinin (PNA) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA). In fibrillated cartilage the distribution pattern of Con A and WGA is completely changed. SBA, PNA and UEA show a distinct staining pattern in particular in the fibrillated areas of degenerated cartilage. Lectin-staining of the extracellular matrix and the chondrocytes in both normal and fibrillated cartilage did not show any correlation with material that was either PAS- or Alcian blue-positive. In comparison with the conventional PAS- and Alcian blue reaction lectin-staining proved to be superior. Visualization of intra- and extracellular glycoconjugate-changes in normal and fibrillated cartilage in areas with no PAS and/or Alcian blue staining indicates that all layers of the cartilage are involved in the pathological process. It is evident that lectins can demonstrate minute differences between normal and arthrotic cartilage and we therefore conclude that lectins are sensitive and specific tools for the study of degenerative joint diseases.
Adult↗
Stress in the human elbow joint. II. Proximal radio-ulnar joint.
The proximal radio-ulnar joint has two different types of articular surfaces. The contact area between the articulating surfaces is at its greatest when the joint is in a middle position. The highest density of osseous material is found on the ulnar side of the head of the radius. The subchondral bone beneath the radial notch of the ulna has a higher density at the edges than in the middle. In photoelastic experiments the intensity and configuration of isochromatics correspond to the material density of the osseous tissue of ulna and radius. The analysis of spongiosa near the joint shows bands of compressive cancellous trabeculae radiating axially into the subchondral cortex, crossed at right angles by bands of tensile cancellous trabeculae. These findings are in agreement with the course of the trajectories found in photoelastic experiments. The composition of the annular ligament is variable. The palmar and dorsal parts are made up of firm connective tissue; opposite the radial notch of the ulna, however, cartilage cells are embedded in the ligament. The histological composition of the annular ligament and the cancellous architecture in the radius and the ulna are in agreement with Pauwels' (1963) hypothesis that part of the compressive force in the elbow joint is transferred to the proximal radio-ulnar joint via the annular ligament. The distribution of the material in the subchondral bony tissue indicates that there is only partial contact between the radial head circumference and the radial notch of the ulna in all positions of the joint.
Biomechanical Phenomena↗
The development of the eye in Astyanax mexicanus (Characidae, Pisces), its blind cave derivative, Anoptichthys jordani (Characidae, Pisces), and their crossbreds. A scanning- and transmission-electron microscopic study.
The development of the eye of the characin Astyanax mexicanus, of its blind derivative Anoptichthys jordani, and crossbreds of both forms was studied at different ontogenetic stages by means of scanning- and transmission-electron microscopy. Astyanax exhibits a form of eye development resembling that in other characid species. A severe reduction of the eye could be observed in Anoptichthys starting with the second day of ontogeny. This degenerational process is characterized by the following features: 1) An overgrowth of epidermal tissue that gradually covers the surface of the eyeball; 2) the sinking of the eyeball below the surface of the integument; 3) the formation of epidermal channels from the body surface to the disappearing surface of the eyeball; 4) a severe degeneration of the retinal sensory cells; and 5) a small number of pigment granules in the pigment epithelial cells. The progeny of crosses between Astyanax and Anoptichthys show varying degrees of these degenerational signs. Taste buds and the lateral line organ display identical features in all crosses analyzed with the scanning electron microscope.
Animals↗
Stressing on the human femoro-patellar joint. I. Components of a vertical and horizontal tensile bracing system.
Horizontal and vertical tensions act on the femoropatellar joint. In both knee joints of 60 human corpses the muscles and ligaments participating in the tensile bracing of the knee joint were studied macroscopically. While the structures acting in the vertical direction are very constant, the components participating in horizontal tensile bracing show large variations. Components of vertical tensile bracing are the quadriceps femoris muscle, the ligamentum patellae as well as the vertical patellar retinacula. The active part of horizontal tensile bracing consists of the medial and lateral vastus muscles. The passive components of this system are arranged in three layers. The superficial layer is formed by the fascia lata. The middle layer consists of the horizontal retinacula. A medial horizontal retinaculum was present in one third of our cases. It passes from the medial margin of the patella towards the medial femoral epicondyle. A lateral horizontal retinaculum is demonstrable in all cases studied. It passes horizontally from the lateral margin of the patella and inserts into the deep layer of the iliotibial tract. Insertion of the lateral horizontal retinaculum into the lateral femoral epicondyle was not observed in our material. The third layer is formed by ligaments supporting the joint capsule. These originate from the medial and lateral margin of the patella and pass towards their respective meniscus as well as variably towards the femoral or tibial condyle. These structures are found both medially and laterally in two thirds of the cases studied.
Adult↗
[Fractures of the trochlear notch of the ulna in children. Biomechanical and morphological differentiation from the typical injury picture in adults].
Various fractures of the trochlear notch of the ulna seen in children are presented and discussed below. Anatomical differences in bone density and cartilage surfaces as well as a different fracture mechanism make it possible to differentiate these fractures from those in adults. A causal relationship between fracture mechanism, bone density distribution and common fractures of the trochlear notch is discussed.
Adult↗
[Light and electron microscopy investigations in Reinke's ("polypoid chorditis")].
In nine cases of Reinkes edema ("polypoid chorditis") the resected mucosa is investigated by light and electron microscopy. The characteristic morphological changes of the disease are observed in the fibrous tissue of the vocal cord. The most important pathological result are extensive walled off spaces. The greater part of these are lined with a layer of mesothelial cell like fibroblasts. The slightly pathological findings at the epithelial cells are in accordance with the clinical result. Inflammatory signs morphologically can not be observed.
Female↗
[The course of the median nerve in the carpal canal].
In 111 adults, 3 children and 12 infants the position of the N. medianus and its course through the forearm and the carpal tunnel are examined. In 10% of the adults, deviations from the normal position occur. In 5% of the cases, the nerve does not run radially, but between the tendons for the third and fourth fingers of the M. flexor digitorum superficialis through the carpal tunnel. In another 5% of the cases, the median nerve does not pass superficially but deep beneath the flexor tendons of the fingers, either radially or in the middle of the carpal tunnel, so that he cannot be seen after cutting the transverse ligament (flexor retinaculum). Before disappearing deep between the tendons, the nerve crosses over them. The same observations can be made in infants. The significance of the medial and deep position of the nerve within the carpal tunnel as well as its crossing over the tendons in its course through the forearm is discussed with respect to surgical procedures for opening the carpal tunnel.
Adult↗
[Radial nerve compression syndrome at the elbow with reference to radiohumeral epicondylosis--clinico-anatomic studies].
Compression of the radial nerve in the angle of the elbow can manifest itself clinically as "epicondylosis" ("tennis elbow"). Operative findings and systematic necropsy studies point to four specific areas in which a compression of the radial nerve occurs: 1. Occasionally, firm connective tissue fibers running between the brachialis and brachioradialis extend over the radial nerve in the proximal part of the radial tunnel. 2. Blood vessels may cross the nerve in the angle of the elbow and cause compression. 3. The profundus branch of the nerve may be compressed by the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis brevis when the origin of the muscle is located far medially, and 4. by the tendon of the superficial part of the supinator (arcade of Frohse). These structures can lead to an entrapment neuropathy of the radial nerve, and thereby to an epicondylosis humeri radialis. In patients with clinical symptoms of "epicondylitis" feeling pain along the radial nerve upon application of pressure, the nerve should be exposed to that compressing structures may possibly be released operatively.
Elbow Joint↗
[Grid electron microscopy studies of isolated intestinal epithelium].
Four media are used to isolate enterocytes from the jejunum of the mouse (basic medium with either hyaluronidase, dispase, pronase, or EDTA). During incubation the intestinal wall is gently agitated. Layers of epithelial cells rather than single cells are removed from the mucosal surface by these procedures. Small groups of enterocytes and single cells can be obtained by further mechanical agitation, e.g. by repeatedly washing the isolated epithelia. Similar morphological findings (transmission and scanning electron microscopy) are obtained after using the various isolation media. Only with EDTA a dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum is regularly seen. Isolation of the enterocytes starts from the tip of the intestinal villus. The straight apical surface becomes convex and the most lateral microvilli of the brush border desintegrate. The opening of the terminal bars can be observed. Surface differentiations on the lateral cell surfaces of isolated enterocytes become less obvious and disappear. This is discussed with respect to the so-called "lateral vacuoles" which appear in isolated enterocytes. Large spherical protrusions are developed at the basal surface of enterocytes. The cell membrane covering these protrusions is frequently found to be discontinuous. No other cell organelles than ribosomes are to be seen inside of these protrusions. Membrane-bound vesicles are also frequently seen. It is suggested that the basal spherical protrusions are casted off.
Animals↗
Quantitative analysis of x-ray images with a television image analyser.
A method for the quantitative evaluation of X-rays is described. The image is decomposed into individual image points by a mechanical scanning procedure, and at each image point the area fraction of a measuring field not covered by silver grains is determined with an image analyzer. This parameter is interpreted as representing a value corresponding to a specific degree of film blackness. The relationship between the measured value and the X-ray absorption is described by standard curves. With the aid of an aluminum scale, the measured value can be expressed directly by the thickness of an aluminum equivalent with a corresponding X-ray absorption. Details about the adjustment of the image analyzer for detecting the silver grains, the resolution of different degrees of X-ray absorption, as well as the computer-controlled scanning procedure are described. An example demonstrates its applicability to analyze the density distribution of bony tissue around the human humero-ulnar joint. The procedure is not limited to the evaluation of X-rays, but is applicable whenever silver grains can be detected in a film layer by an image analyzer.
Aged↗
[Variations in the pathway of the inferior gluteal nerve (author's transl)].
In 17 out of 112 subjects examined, the inferior gluteal nerve leaves the pelvis through the piriformis and passes to the gluteus maximus. In 3 of the subjects the variation occurs bilaterally, and in 7 cases each it is found on either the right or the left side of the body alone. This variation occurs more often in women than in men. In all cases observed the common peroneal nerve also leaves the pelvis through the piriformis. Aside from the common peroneal nerve, the entire posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, or only its dorsal ramus, often runs alongside the inferior gluteal nerve through the "foramen intrapiriforme". The origin of this variations has to be discussed in connection with the specific embryological development of the piriformis.
Adult↗
[Morphology and functional anatomy of the neural pathways in the thoracic girdle and the arm area].
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Arm↗