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Biomedical subjects

B Raphael

Publications and source records attributed to B Raphael.

170 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
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Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and HIV infection.

A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of suicidal ideation and past suicide attempt in an Australian sample of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative homosexual and bisexual men. Sixty-five HIV-negative and 164 HIV-positive men participated. A suicidal ideation score was derived from using five items selected from the Beck Depression Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire (28-item version). Lifetime and current prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder were evaluated with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version-III-R. The HIV-positive (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Stage IV) men (n = 85) had significantly higher total suicidal ideation scores than the asymptomatic HIV-positive men (CDC Stage II/III) (n = 79) and the HIV-negative men. High rates of past suicide attempt were detected in the HIV-negative (29%) and HIV-positive men (21%). Factors associated with suicidal ideation included being HIV-positive, the presence of current psychiatric disorder, higher neuroticism scores, external locus of control, and current unemployment. In the HIV-positive group analyzed separately, higher suicidal ideation was discriminated by the adjustment to HIV diagnosis (greater hopelessness and lower fighting spirit), disease factors (greater number of current acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]-related conditions), and background variables (neuroticism). Significant predictors of a past attempted suicide were a positive lifetime history of psychiatric disorder (particularly depression diagnoses), a lifetime history of infection drug use, and a family history of suicide attempts. The findings indicate increased levels of suicidal ideation in symptomatic HIV-positive men and highlight the role that multiple psychosocial factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempted suicide play in this population.

Adult↗
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Mental health in complex emergencies.

Mental health is becoming a central issue for public health complex emergencies. In this review we present a culturally valid mental health action plan based on scientific evidence that is capable of addressing the mental health effects of complex emergencies. A mental health system of primary care providers, traditional healers, and relief workers, if properly trained and supported, can provide cost-effective, good mental health care. This plan emphasises the need for standardised approaches to the assessment, monitoring, and outcome of all related activities. Crucial to the improvement of outcomes during crises and the availability to future emergencies of lessons learned from earlier crises is the regular dissemination of the results achieved with the action plan. A research agenda is included that should, in time, fill knowledge gaps and reduce the negative mental health effects of complex emergencies.

Depression↗
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HIV and AIDS: issues for women in Australia.

The major HIV/AIDS-related issues facing women in Australia are outlined. From a global epidemiological perspective, women in Australia have almost gone unscathed by HIV infection. However, the potential for widespread infection cannot be ignored. The greatest threat for the majority of women in Australia is infection through sexual transmission. Although HIV infection is preventable, there are many social and economic factors that may hinder women's efforts to protect themselves. A major result of the global AIDS epidemic for women in Australia has been caring for a family member who has been infected with HIV. When a member of the family, usually a son, develops AIDS and is cared for at home, it is usually his mother who cares for him. She may face many difficult issues that may affect her health and well-being. Thus the small number of women infected with HIV in Australia does not accurately represent the impact the disease has had, and may potentially have, on the women of Australia.

Australia↗
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Age-related increase in sexual behaviours and decrease in regular condom use among adolescents in Australia.

The prevalence of sexual behaviours was estimated from a survey of 3854 Australian secondary school students. Self-reported prevalence of intercourse increased from 9.9% (age 13 years or less) to 23.9% (age 15) and 51.2% at age 17 and over. Among 932 sexually experienced youth in the final 3 years of secondary school, 26% of males and 18% of females reported having 3 or more partners in the previous year; 89.4% had used a condom at least once, with males (71.8%) reporting more last occasion condom use than females (53.4%). 'Last occasion' and 'usual', but not lifetime, condom use was significantly lower among older respondents. Although nearly 90% of females in each of 3 age groups reported lifetime condom use, just 27.6% of female students aged 17 or more reported that condoms were always used during intercourse. The decline with age, noted in research with adults and older adolescents, may begin in the middle teens.

Adolescent↗
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Emotional factors in family planning.

the need to have a baby; the need to have a particular baby; the need to have a baby at a particular time; "bad" feelings about conception control; those at greatest risk of unwanted pregnancy through emotional factors. A schema for assessing relevant emotional factors, while at the same time raising the individual's own consciousness about motivation, is given. The doctor's role in the management of such emotional factors and his own relevant emotional responses are considered.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗