Experimental studies undertaken to ascertain the dynamics of yellow fever virus replication in an introduced strain (Houston) of the Asian mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), indicate that this species is an efficient vector of yellow fever virus. Replication of virus in Ae. albopictus could be detected 3 d after feeding on a suspension containing 7.2 log10 Vero cell plaque forming units (PFU) per ml of virus; peak titres (3.5 log10 PFU/mosquito) occurred 7 d after exposure. Viral antigen, visualized by immunofluorescence, was first detected in midgut cells 4 d after exposure and appeared in fat cells 7 d after exposure. The only other mosquito tissues revealing viral antigen were the salivary glands, brain, and occasionally cells of the suboesophageal ganglion. Viral antigen was not detected in any of the tissues of the reproductive tract, nor could viral genomic ribonucleic acid (RNA) be detected in these tissues by RNA-RNA molecular hybridization in situ. We detected no vertical transmission of yellow fever virus in 6180 F1 adult progeny produced from infected females. The extrinsic incubation period at 26.7 degrees C was 9 d. We conclude that the Houston strain of Ae. albopictus is a competent vector of yellow fever virus and can serve as bridging vector between the jungle yellow fever cycle and the urban cycle in New World ecosystems.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Oral ketamine facilitates induction in a combative mentally retarded patient.

Induction of general anesthesia in the agitated or combative mentally retarded patient is challenging. Oral ketamine facilitated the smooth and safe induction of anesthesia in an adult mentally retarded patient with a history of violent behavior toward health care providers. The oral administration of ketamine is an effective alternative induction technique in situations where the intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), or inhalation approach may be difficult or hazardous.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gastric residual volume in infants and children following a 3-hour fast.

The effect of a 3-hour versus a 10-hour preoperative fasting interval on the gastric residual volume and gastric pH of pediatric patients was evaluated. Forty-four healthy infants, 1 month to 5 years of age, were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The 3-hour nil per os (NPO) group consisted of 19 infants kept NPO for 3 hours following ingestion of up to 4 ounces of 5% dextrose in water (D5W). The control group consisted of 25 infants who remained NPO an average of 10 hours prior to surgery. Gastric residual volume was calculated using the dye-dilution technique. After the dye marker was injected into the stomach, complete aspiration of the stomach (including the volume of dye marker plus residual gastric contents) was attempted as another method to measure gastric residual volume. There were no significant differences in gastric residual volume between the 3-hour and the 10-hour NPO groups using either the dye-dilution or aspiration methods. However, there were significant differences between the two measuring techniques. Gastric residual volume was significantly greater in volume when measured by the dye-dilution technique than it was when measured by the aspiration technique in both the 10-hour (p less than 0.009) and the 3-hour (p less than 0.0009) NPO groups. Complete aspiration of a known volume of fluid injected through the orogastric tube was not possible in 23 of the 44 (52.4%) infants. Mean gastric pH was less than 2.0 in both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Body Weight↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Observations on patterns of drug usage in Australia.

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Australia↗