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Biomedical subjects

B R Manno

Publications and source records attributed to B R Manno.

30 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Pursuit Meter II, a computer-based device for testing pursuit-tracking performance.

The Pursuit Meter II, a microcomputer-based device developed for the quantitative determination of human pursuit-tracking performance, is described. Computer-generated moving patterns are displayed on a high resolution color video monitor. For the subject the task is to attempt to superimpose a red line presented on the screen, the vertical location of which he controls with a steering device, over a blue line the computer generates as the problem. Both lines, each composed of 279 segments, are generated at the same rate, left to right on the monitor. The individual differences between the subject's response and the problem are summed and stored by the computer as an error score which correlates inversely to the subject's ability to perform the task. Three Pursuit Meter II problems were presented to 26 male college students. Our data demonstrated that different levels of performance to the problems resulted and that the Pursuit Meter II can be used to quantify human pursuit-tracking performance.

Computers↗
PubMed1977

Toxicology of ipecac: a review.

The general effectiveness and safety of Ipecac syrup, per se, has not been questioned, but rather an attempt has been made to consolidate pertinent literature dealing with the toxic manifestations of Ipecac fluid extract. Ipecac contains both emetine and cephaeline and the toxicity of Ipecac fluid extract is consistent with reports on the toxicity of both compounds. The majority of the work has involved emetine since it is in higher concentration in Ipecac fluid extract than is cephaeline. Comparison of the clinical picture presented in syrup or fluid extract of Ipecac overdose and emetine toxicity in amebiasis treatment permits us to summarize the general characteristics of Ipecac alkaloid toxicity as involving primarily gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular foci.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Identification of flurazepam (Dalmane) and a primary metabolite in urine by thin-layer chromatography.

A relatively simple, routine method has been described for the qualitative identification of flurazepam and its primary metabolite 7-chloro-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in urine. We have described two extractions and several identification procedures by which flurazepam and its primary urinary metabolite can be identified by TLC.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A thin layer chromatographic method for high volume screening of urine for methylphenidate abuse.

A thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method for the high volume screening of urine for methylphenidate (Ritalin) abuse is presented. The method utilizes charcoal extraction of ritalinic acid from urine and a simple test-tube methylation step for the conversion of the ritalinic acid to methylphenidate. The methylphenidate is then subjected to a routine TLC drug procedure for subsequent qualitative identification.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application of the Syva EMIT and Abbott TDx amphetamine immunoassays to the detection of 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylene-dioxyethamphetamine (MDEA) in urine.

MDMA and MDEA are hallucinogenic analogs of amphetamine. The need for laboratory monitoring of these substances has developed as a result of their increased recreational use. Since the Abbott TDx and Syva EMIT-d.a.u. immunoassays are commonly used tests for urine monitoring of drugs-of-abuse, the amphetamine assay of each manufacturer was assessed to determine the degree of cross-reactivity with MDMA and MDEA. Cross-reactivity was evaluated using a series of MDMA- and MDEA-spiked urine samples. Testing was performed over a two-day period with 3 runs/day and each sample run in duplicate. The Syva EMIT d.a.u. amphetamine assay was positive only at the highest concentration standard (10.0 micrograms/mL) for both MDMA and MDEA. Consequently, no further testing was performed with this assay. Calibration curves were generated for the TDx runs and percent cross-reactivity determinations were made. Precision for the TDx data was evaluated based on within-day and between-day coefficients of variation (CV). CVs for MDMA runs were below 6% for within-day and below 5% for between-day runs. Values of CV for MDEA were below 16% for both within-day and between runs; CVs were less than 2.5% for positive values. Cross-reactivity for MDMA ranged from 18% (10.00 micrograms/mL) to 118% (0.15 microgram/mL). Cross-reactivity for the MDEA standards ranged from 12% (10.00 micrograms/mL) to 47% (0.15 micrograms/mL). The presence of MDMA and/or MDEA in samples resulting in a negative EMIT-d.a.u. test and a positive TDx test was confirmed by GC/MS analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A modification and validation of two urine ethanol procedures for use with the Monarch 2000 Chemistry System.

A modification of two commercially available enzymatic ethanol urine assays for use with the Monarch 2000 Chemistry System (Instrumentation Laboratory) is described. Both the Syva EMIT st Urine Ethyl Alcohol Assay and the Sigma Diagnostics Alcohol in Urine Assay, which utilize the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to NADH associated with the oxidation of ethanol in the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), were adapted to spectrophotometrically determine ethanol concentration. Precision was evaluated over a 3-day period. Within-day (n = 9) and total (n = 27) coefficients of variation (CV) were less than 7% for the controls greater than or equal to 200 mg/L (20 mg/dL). Enzymatic assay results utilizing the Monarch procedure were compared to a gas chromatographic (GC) reference method (n = 100 samples). Regression analysis of assay data with each reagent compared to the reference method resulted in correlation coefficients r = 0.972 (Syva) and 0.948 (Sigma). Both methods exhibited nonlinear results and therefore quantitative applications cannot be made. No false positive or negative results were encountered with either reagent, indicating that the assay is acceptable as a positive/negative screen for urine ethanol for a threshold less than or equal to 20 mg/dL.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the Abbott ADx Amphetamine/Methamphetamine II abused drug assay: comparison to TDx, EMIT, and GC/MS methods.

Although the legitimate clinical use of amphetamine and amphetamine congeners is declining, the illicit use of these drugs remains high. There is a need for a rapid and conclusive method for detecting these compounds in routine urine drug testing, drug screening in drug rehabilitation centers, and as an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of potential overdoses. The Abbott ADx Amphetamine/Methamphetamine II assay (A/M II), a fluorescence polarization Immunoassay (FPIA), was compared to the Abbott TDx Amphetamine/Methamphetamine II assay (FPIA), the Syva enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) and a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. Precision of the A/M II assay was evaluated on the ADx analyzer over a 14-day period in each of three modes of operation (batch, combination, and panel) and was based on within-run and between-run coefficients of variation (CVs). Within-run CVs for all three controls (low [L], medium [M], and high [H]) ranged from 0.40% to 10.60% and between run CVs ranged from 3.96% to 7.92%. Data indicated that the calibration curve was stable for 16 days. Each of the six calibrators and three controls were within 10% of their labeled concentrations when analyzed by GC/MS. Fifty routine clinical specimens from our laboratory and 74 specimens screened as positive for amphetamine or related compounds from a rehabilitation center were screened by ADx, TDx, and EMIT. Any specimen yielding a positive result by any of these three methods was confirmed by GC/MS. In-house controls, as well as clinical samples, which contained both amphetamine and methamphetamine in the same sample produced results greater than two times the expected response on the ADx and TDx.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amphetamine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetaminophen) in serum or plasma using a direct injection technique.

N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetaminophen) is becoming more prevalent as an intoxicant in accidental or intentional overdose, therefore, a direct injection ultra-micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for its quantitation. The HPLC analysis was performed using a Model 110 Solvent Metering Pump equipped with a Model 110-19 Pressure Filter (Altex Scientific, Berkeley, CA), a Model 7120 Rheodyne Injector (Rheodyne, Berkeley, CA) or a Model U6K Injector (Waters Associates, Milford, MA) a Model 440 Absorbance Detector (Water's Associates), and a Model 3380A Recorder Integrator (Hewlett Packard, Avondale, PA). A commercially prepared muBonapak C18 Column (Water's Associates) was used. Acetaminophen was eluted with a mixture of 0.01 mol/L aqueous sodium acetate, pH 4.0: acetonitrile (93:7) and the absorbance detector was operated wih a 254 nm filter. The method, which requires only 2 microL of serum or plasma for analysis, offers several distinct advantages to the analyst. No pre- or post-column extraction or other manipulation of the specimen is required to obtain a quantitative result. Rapid processing of the specimen is possible because both acetaminophen and the internal standard are eluted in less than 10 minutes. The small sample (2 microL) is ideal for use with pediatric patients.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitation of barbiturates by a modification of the EMIT-tox serum barbiturate assay.

A modification of the Syva EMIT-tox Serum Barbiturate Assay was developed to provide a rapid and practical method for quantitating serum barbiturates. Standard curves for eight selected barbiturates were run using specific sets of standards for each. Correlation coefficients, slopes, and y-intercepts for the curves of best fit were determined by the least-squares method. Between-run and within-run precision analysis indicated acceptable reproducibility for barbiturate concentrations in high therapeutic to toxic serum levels. A case report describing the use of this method for the determination of serum pentobarbital concentrations during therapy for intracranial hypertension is presented. The modified EMIT assay may be useful for monitoring barbiturate blood levels in overdose, and when used for therapy of ischemic brain damage.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug excretion in human breast milk: principles, pharmacokinetics and projected consequences.

The excretion of drugs in human breast milk is reviewed with regard to milk production, composition, feeding patterns and mechanisms of drug transfer into milk. Fundamental principles of breast milk excretion are used to construct a pharmacokinetic approach useful for the study of most drugs. An infant-modulated 3-compartment open model is proposed for drug distribution and elimination in the breast feeding woman. Milk/plasma drug concentration ratios are projected on the basis of pH partitioning. While some studies confirm these projections, other studies demonstrate a need to consider additional factors such as lipid solubility and protein binding characteristics of a drug in milk. Data are lacking for most drugs and hence dosing via milk or risk to the infant remains speculative. Very few pharmacokinetic studies of both milk and infant plasma were found. A review of selected drug classes cites available information as a basis for future studies. Few drugs are contraindicated in breast feeding women, but supportive data for either proscriptions or permissive statements are often lacking. A neglected but potentially serious infant risk--impaired behaviour and development--is discussed from the standpoint of emerging animal data. Conceptually valid and comprehensive studies on drug excretion in breast milk are needed if this valuable nutrient for infants is to be made available safely.

Absorption↗